Metabolism

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Last updated 9:30 PM on 6/3/26
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50 Terms

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What is metabolism?
The total sum of all chemical reactions occurring in an organism.
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What is anabolism?
Building complex molecules from simpler ones; requires energy input.
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What is catabolism?
Breaking larger molecules into simpler ones; releases energy.
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Give an example of an anabolic process.
Protein synthesis, DNA replication, or glycogen storage.
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Give an example of a catabolic process.
Cellular respiration breaking down glucose to make ATP.
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What are redox reactions?
Reactions involving the transfer of electrons between molecules.
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What is reduction?
Gain of electrons.
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What is oxidation?
Loss of electrons.
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What happens when NAD+ is reduced?
It becomes NADH.
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What happens when FAD is reduced?
It becomes FADH2.
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What happens when NADH is oxidized?
It becomes NAD+.
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Which molecule is the reduced form: NAD+ or NADH?
NADH.
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Which molecule is the reduced form: FAD or FADH2?
FADH2.
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What are enzymes?
Specialized proteins that catalyze chemical reactions.
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What is an enzyme's active site?
The region where substrates bind and reactions occur.
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What is a holoenzyme?
An apoenzyme combined with a cofactor or coenzyme.
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How do enzymes speed up reactions?
By lowering activation energy.
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What is enzyme specificity?
Enzymes bind only certain substrates due to their structure.
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What is competitive inhibition?
An inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site.
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What is noncompetitive inhibition?
An inhibitor binds elsewhere and alters enzyme function.
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What is feedback inhibition?
The end product inhibits an earlier enzyme in the pathway.
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What is ATP synthesis?
Formation of ATP from ADP through phosphorylation.
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What are the three ATP production mechanisms?
Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation.
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What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
Direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP.
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Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in eukaryotes?
In the mitochondria.
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What two major components make up oxidative phosphorylation?
The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
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What is the proton motive force (PMF)?
The electrochemical gradient of H+ across a membrane.
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What is photophosphorylation?
ATP production during photosynthesis using light energy.
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Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytoplasm.
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What is the energy investment phase of glycolysis?
Uses 2 ATP to begin glucose breakdown.
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What are the final products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate, 4 ATP (net 2 ATP), and 2 NADH.
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What is the net ATP gain from glycolysis?
2 ATP.
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What is the transition reaction?
Conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and CO2.
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How many NADH are produced during the transition reaction per glucose?
2 NADH.
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Where does the transition reaction occur in eukaryotes?
In the mitochondria.
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What is another name for the Krebs cycle?
Citric Acid Cycle or TCA Cycle.
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What does the Krebs cycle produce per glucose?
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP.
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Where does the Krebs cycle occur in eukaryotes?
In the mitochondrial matrix.
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What is the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?
A series of electron carriers passing electrons to generate ATP.
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What molecules donate electrons to the ETC?
NADH and FADH2.
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What is chemiosmosis?
The movement of H+ ions across a membrane down their gradient.
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What enzyme makes ATP using the proton gradient?
ATP synthase.
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What is oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP production driven by the ETC and proton motive force.
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What is aerobic respiration?
Respiration that uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
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What is anaerobic respiration?
Respiration that uses a non-oxygen inorganic electron acceptor.
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Approximately how much ATP can one glucose yield in aerobic respiration?
Up to 38 ATP theoretically.
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What is fermentation?
A process that regenerates NAD+ when respiration cannot occur.
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Why is NAD+ regeneration important in fermentation?
It allows glycolysis to continue producing ATP.
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Does fermentation use the Krebs cycle or ETC?
No, fermentation relies on glycolysis and NAD+ regeneration.
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Which produces more ATP: respiration or fermentation?
Respiration.