Multi-Subject (211): ELA & Literacy (B-2) CST Exam

Types of Miscues

Vowels, Consonant Blends, Word Endings, & Compound Words

Vowels

two vowels next to each other.

Ex. rain ---> ran

bean ----> ben

moist ---> most

Consonant Blends

two consonants next to each other.

Ex. stop ---> sop

truck ---> tuck

blast ---> bast

Word Endings

a miscue at the end of the word.

Ex. company ---> copy

noticed ---> notices

Compound Words

two words that make up a new word.

Ex. goldfish ---> golish

fishbowl ---> fib

homework ---> hommer

Phonemes

a minimal sound unit of speech that distinguishes one word from another (ex. lace, lake).

Homonym

words which sound the same but have different spellings and meanings.

Ex. bear and bare

Lexicon

word

Contronym

a word with two opposite meanings.

Ex. The hiker buckled his backpack, but it was so heavy he buckled his knees.

Homograph

word(s) that are spelt the same, but sound/pronounced different and have different meanings.

Ex. bow and bow

Ex. violin bow

take a bow

a bow on a gift

Trope

a predictable pattern in a story.

Tier 1

words that we use everyday and in conversations.

Ex. I drove the car.

Tier 2

academic sounding words; sophisticated words.

Ex. I operated the vehicle.

Tier 3

specific meanings in a specific industry.

Ex. The car ran lean or rich.

Implicit Instruction

Immersion

Ex. word walls, alphabet posted in classroom, in class libraries

Explicit Instruction

step-by-step phonics understanding.

Print Awareness

Ex. book handling skills, print directionality, understanding that words are not pictures (preschool/2-3 years old)

Alphabetic Principle

is about recognizing the letters in the alphabet and the way you pronounce the letters (preschool-kindergarten/4-5 years old)

Phonics, Phonemic Awareness, Phonemes

PHONICS IS SOUND

Emergent Reading/Beginning (kindergarten-first grade/5-7 years old)

Phonological Awareness

"phono" means sound and "logical" means thinking; where the student "remembers" to sound out the phoneme makes. (first grade-second grade/5-8 years old)

Orthographic Awareness

is the ability to recognize words, spell words, and put letters in proper sequence for words. it is a visual

Types of Phonological Awareness

R.E.V.L. - r controlled vowels, silent E, vowel teams, and LE sound

R Controlled Vowels

Ex. fern, burn, stir

Silent E

Ex. Dime, Time

Vowel Teams

Ex. rain, bean

LE Sound

Ex. parable

Etymology

the origin of a word; literal meaning of a word to its origin.

Morphology

related to form; the study of the forms of words. The word "morph" means to change or form.

Greek and Latin Roots mainly focus on.....

Morphology

Prefix

beginning of the word.

Ex. deescalation - prefix is "de"

Suffix

end of the word.

Ex. deescalation - suffix is "-tion"

Structural Analysis

taking the prefix and suffix of a word.

Ex. bibliography - "biblio" means book and "graphy" means writing

Semantics

word choice; meaning

Syntax

the order the words go in; the structure of how you say a sentence; grammar

not verb tense

Personal Narratives

when a student writes from their point of view.

Informative Essays

when the student should explain their thinking further with giving more information about what they are describing in their essay; being detailed and specific.

Opinion Pieces

when the student has to make sure they provide supportive evidence when writing on their beliefs; finding "proof" to support their opinion.

If a child has trouble with print directionality, they will have trouble with.....

one-to-one correspondence

One-to-One Correspondence

when a student understands how many words are contained in the sentence when reading.

Ex. "I saw the ball" - 4 words in the sentence

Before moving onto phonological awareness, a student must have prior knowledge in what areas?

print awareness, alphabetic principle, & phonemic awareness

If a student already mastered one-to-one correspondence, they have also mastered...

Dividing sentences into words.

Accuracy

to be able to read/pronounce written words correctly.

Rate

how fast or slow a student reads.

Expression (Prosody)

reading with rhythm, tone, pitch, pauses, and stresses for the text.

Intonation

the rise and fall of the voice in speaking.

Ex. How well a pitch is in tune.

If a student has trouble decoding words in a book and is good with decoding with everything else, the student has trouble with.....

semantics

Letter-Sound Correspondence

the association of the letters of the alphabet with the sounds they make in words.

Ex. the letter "t" with a picture of a table.

Object Pronouns

are words that replace nouns when they are the object of a sentence.

Ex. Me, You, Him, Her, It, Us, Them

Ex. Can you help Me?

Ex. Can I help You?

To have students retain new vocabulary over time, it is best to use what kind of activity?

Oral and writing activities

Which example would be considered the highest level of phonological awareness?

Segmenting and Manipulating

Poems uses what kind of writing?

Symbolic Imagery

Informational Passages uses what kind of writing?

Straightforward Writing

Autobiography

covers a person's entire life.

Memoir

only covers a certain period in someone's life.

Self-Corrections

a student makes an error, but corrects it on their own.

Omissions

leaving out words or phrases.

Insertion

adding additional words or phrases into a passage.

Substitution

changing a word for another word while reading orally.