Industrial Revolution Test Review

Why did Britain industrialize first?

natural resources: iron and coal, rivers for power and transport, and a strong economy + political stability

enclosure

taking over and fencing off land from peasant farming

crop rotation

restoring soil by rotating different crops seasonally

population boom

more workers for factories

urbanization

people moved from farms to cities

what did coal help do?

coal helped to fuel trains and served as a major steam-powered transportation source

what did steam help do?

steam drove trains and the trains became extremely useful and much faster than any other means of transportation

spinning jenny

fast spinning machines for the home running on water

Richard Arkwright

created the spinning jenny

power loom

helped weavers to catch up to the thread; now horse, water, or steam power were used to operate a loom

Edmund Cartwright

created the power loom

how did railroads effect industry?

transported things from one place to another and businesses flourished

how did railroads effect daily life

was much faster than horseback, making long-distance travel smoother

what was an average workday for children at the factory

14 hours

what health problems did children in factories obtain

pneumonia, tuberculosis, and black lung disease

what were some safety hazards for children in factories

children got hurt, broke bones, or were seriously injured due to the ways that machines were upkept

what was the situation with families in the factory?

women were paid less, children paid the least and were beat, and children taken from orphanages to work

tenement

multistory buildings cramped with tiny apartments

what problems did tenements cause?

no water, sanitation, and sewage were all poor sanitation. this then led to the spread of cholera

what did labor unions fight for?

higher wages, lower hours, and better working conditions

how did factrory owners respond to union members

blacklisted people for being in the union to try and stop the spread of unions

what did the english government do about the union

parliament banned unions in 1800

interchangeable parts

standardized components made to precise specifications so that one part can replace another without custom fitting

eli whitney

created interchangeable parts

assembly line

line of workers each putting a single piece on unfinished cars as they passed on a moving belt

henry ford

created the assembly line

laissez-faire

free markets, competition: “invisible hand” business should operate without government interfernce and leads to a growing economy and gross of ALL people

Adam Smith

says that economy works best with laissez-faire

Thomas Malthus

says population growth would outpace food production, warning of population explosion and that most people were destined to live poor

utilitarianism

an ethical theory that states “greatest happiness for the greatest number of people”

Jeremy Bentham

created utilitarianism

capitalism

an economic system based on private ownership, production and its use for the purpose of obtaining profit

proletariat

working class, will take control of the ruling class

bourgeoisie

ruling class, builds a society where the people own everything

karl marx

predicted that capitalism would fail and that the proletariat would take control from the bourgeoisie and build a society where the people own everything

samuel slater

spread the textile industry to the united states

industrial revolution 1750-1900

hand production → machine production, rural life→ urban factory life

new technology + new energy = mass production

james watt

improved steam engine

entrepreneurs

risk-takers who start businesses, combining money, workers, and technology

corporations

owned by stockholders and share profits

positive industrialization effects

more jobs, increased wealth, higher standard of living

negative effects of industrialization

harsh working conditions, child labor, pollution, poor living conditions