Es - metal resources - hydrothermal deposits

what are fluid intrusions and what are the main things they are made up of?

def = tiny volumes of fluid trapped when the crystals were growing

made up of - aqueous fluid, solid crystals, cube of halite, vapour bubble

what do fluid inclusions tell us about its properties ?

they are saline and capable of dissolving large quantities of metals

what percent of hydrothermal solutions are NaCl?

3-30%

properties of hard metals and ligands?

small atomic radius

high oxidation state (oxidised)

properties of soft metals and ligands?

large atomic radius

low oxidation state (reduced)

what is a hydrothermal vent?

a fissure in a planets surface from which heated water issues

where are hydrothermal vents commonly found?

near volcanically active areas, where tectonic plates are moving apart, ocean basins and hotspots

on land how do hydrothermal vents show themselves (what form)?

hot springs, fumaroles, geysers

in the sea how do hydrothermal vents show themselves?

as black or white smokers

describe the 2 types of seafloor hydrothermal events?

black smokers - 350 degrees, black coloured water erupts, caused by presence of iron and sulphur combining to become pyrite

white smokers - 100-300 degrees, contain more barium, calcium and silicon causing white smoke, usually smaller than black smokers

where are seafloor hydrothermal vents normally found?

at mid ocean ridges

how do volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits form?

black smokers or a cluster of them eventually accumulate enough Sulphide to become an ore deposit where the dominant metal depends on temperature

give some uses of copper?

wire and cables

electronics

plumbing

ceramic glazes

energy efficient motors

used in brass and bronze - base metal alloys

electroplating for other metals like nickel

wood preservative

how is copper antimicrobial?

kills 99.9% of disease causing bacteria (flu A, Staph, fungi), used to line ships to protect against barnacles and mussels

4 most widely consumed metals in the world in order?

iron, Al, copper and zinc

main uses of zinc?

galvanising preventing rusting

brass where zinc and copper are combined

zinc oxide - rubber manufacturing and protective skin ointment