DBQ

Good luck

What is another name for the Medieval era?

Age of Faith, due to the dominance of Christianity and Islam.

What are the three periods of the Middle Ages?

Early Middle Ages (Dark Ages), High Middle Ages, Late Middle Ages.

What event marked the beginning of the Early Dark Ages?

The fall of Western Rome in 476 CE.

What was the impact of the fall of the Western Roman Empire on Western Europe?

It resulted in a decline of civilization, with scarce written records and trade.

What characterized the Germanic tribes after the fall of Rome?

Nomadic movement, oral traditions, illiteracy, polytheistic religion, and decentralized government.

Who was Wotan in Germanic culture?

The chief war god, also known as Odin by the Norse.

What was the significance of blood feuds (Wergilds) in Germanic tribes?

They were used to pay blood money to avoid ongoing bloodshed.

What regions did the Vikings invade?

Areas north of Constantinople, modern-day Russia, Iceland, Greenland, and briefly North America.

Who is believed to be the first European to encounter native North Americans?

Lief Erikson around 1000 CE.

What was the role of the Angles and Saxons in Great Britain?

They were the first groups to settle in Great Britain after the fall of Rome and gradually converted to Christianity.

Who were the Franks and what was their significance?

They settled in northern France and were the first Germanic people to convert to Christianity, influencing its spread in Europe.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Tours in 732 CE?

It stopped the spread of Islam into Europe at that time.

Where did the Magyars originate and where did they settle?

They originated in the Ural Mountains and settled near the Danube River in modern-day Hungary.

What was the role of the Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Ages?

It served as a dominant force in people's lives, influencing politics and providing unity during chaotic times.

Who were the clergy in the context of the Catholic Church?

Religious leaders who oversaw ceremonies and teachings, including priests and the Pope.

What was the significance of Pope Gregory I during his papacy?

He helped develop the Roman Catholic Church as a secular power and commissioned missions to convert others to Christianity.

What role did monasteries play during the Dark Ages?

They preserved Christian faith and classical Greco-Roman heritage, promoted education, and maintained libraries.

Who founded the Benedictine Order and what were its core principles?

St. Benedict of Nursia; based on rules of peace, prayer, and work.

What was Charlemagne's goal as Holy Roman Emperor?

To unite all Germanic tribes under his rule and expand Western Christendom.

What was the Carolingian Renaissance?

A revival of Christianity and education promoted by Charlemagne with the help of monasteries.

What violent action did Charlemagne take against the Saxons?

He slaughtered a village of 5000 people who refused to convert to Christianity.

What was the significance of the Pope's crowning of Charlemagne?

It marked the establishment of Charlemagne as the first Holy Roman Emperor.

What was the impact of the Germanic tribes on learning and trade during the Dark Ages?

There was a significant decline in learning and trade, leading to a chaotic and survival-focused society.

What was the primary religion practiced by the Germanic tribes?

Polytheism, although many converted to Christianity after the fall of the Roman Empire.

What was the role of tribal assemblies in Germanic culture?

They advised leaders and played a role in decision-making processes.

What were the three vows made by Benedictine monks?

Poverty, chastity, and obedience.

How did the geographical barriers affect the preservation of Greco-Roman learning?

They protected the Byzantine Empire and Islamic caliphates, allowing them to keep learning alive.

What was the significance of the clergy hierarchy established during the Middle Ages?

It organized the Church's structure, with the Pope at the top, followed by cardinals, bishops, and priests.

Who crowned Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor?

Pope Leo III crowned him in 800 CE.

What significant event occurred in 843 CE?

The Treaty of Verdun was signed, splitting Charlemagne's empire into three sections.

What was the primary political system that developed in response to invasions during the late Dark Ages?

Feudalism.

Define Feudalism.

A political military system of landholding and governing based on the exchange of land for services.

What is a fief?

A piece of land granted to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and services.

What role did serfs play in the feudal system?

Serfs were peasants who worked the land in exchange for protection and food security.

What was manorialism?

The social-economic system dependent on self-sufficient estates.

What innovations increased agricultural production by the 11th century?

The three-field system and the horse-drawn plow.

What is Shintoism?

The traditional religion of Japan, emphasizing respect for nature and worship of ancestors.

What does the term 'Kami' refer to in Shintoism?

Divine spirits that dwell in nature.

When was Buddhism introduced to Japan?

In 525 CE.

What is the significance of the Torii gate in Shintoism?

It represents becoming one with nature after crossing into a shrine.

What was the role of the shogun in Japanese history?

A military dictator who ruled through the daimyos.

What was the Bushido code?

The code of behavior for samurai, emphasizing courage, reverence to gods, and honorable death.

What characterized the Japanese feudal system compared to the European feudal system?

Japanese feudalism was based on Buddhism and Confucian laws, while European feudalism was based on Christianity and Roman law.

What was the impact of the Tang Dynasty on Chinese culture?

It revived the Confucian civil service system and favored the aristocracy.

What was a major achievement of the Song Dynasty?

It introduced elements of Buddhism and Taoism into government and opened bureaucracy to lower classes through meritocracy.

What led to the rise of the samurai class in Japan?

The need for protection and military service as daimyo families waged wars against each other.

What is the significance of the term 'daimyo'?

Powerful landowning families in Japan who controlled territories under the emperor.

What was the central government structure in early Japan influenced by?

The imperial rule of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty.

What was the main focus of land ownership in European feudalism?

Land ownership was central to power and social hierarchy.

What were the consequences of the invasions on Western Christendom between 850 and 1000?

Western Christendom barely survived due to invasions by Vikings, Muslim Arabs, and Magyars.

What was the result of the civil war among Louis the Pious's sons?

It led to the signing of the Treaty of Verdun, which divided the empire.

What was the typical lifestyle of serfs in manorial life?

Serfs rarely traveled more than 25 miles from the manor and worked the land for the lord.

What was the role of the emperor in Japan by the mid-1000s?

The emperor had little power as the daimyo effectively controlled Japan.

What was the significance of the Great Vehicles in Mahayana Buddhism?

They emphasize the role of bodhisattvas who teach others after achieving enlightenment.

What system judges people's worth by their contributions and skills?

Meritocracy

What significant economic changes occurred during the lower classes' rise?

Market growth and urbanization, including the introduction of paper money.

Which dynasty abolished the civil service system and favored foreigners?

Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368 CE)

Who was Kublai Khan's famous advisor?

Marco Polo

What system did the Ming Dynasty reestablish after the Yuan?

The civil service system based on meritocracy.

What was a significant consequence of the Ming Dynasty's policies?

Failure to promote new ideas in science and a disdain for business interests.

What was the impact of the Tang Dynasty on foreign trade?

Revived trade along the Silk Road and initiated more sea trade.

Who led the Chinese voyages to explore as far as East Africa?

Admiral Zheng He.

What halted Zheng He's voyages in 1434?

Emperor Ming's decision to save money.

What agricultural advancement did the Song Dynasty encourage?

The rise of rice cultivation in southern regions.

What was the population of China under the Song Dynasty?

100 million.

What were the main inventions that facilitated exploration and travel?

Compasses and improved shipbuilding.

What was the significance of the Crusades?

A series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims for control of the Holy Land.

What event triggered the First Crusade?

Pope Urban II's call for a religious war in 1095.

What was the outcome of the First Crusade?

Victory for European Christians and the establishment of four Crusader states.

What happened during the Second Crusade?

Muslims conquered Edessa, leading to a new Crusade that ended in defeat for Christians.

Who were the main leaders during the Third Crusade?

Richard the Lionheart (Christian) and Saladin (Muslim).

What was the result of the Fourth Crusade?

The crusading army raided Constantinople, weakening the city.

What was the Children's Crusade?

A failed attempt by children to march to the Holy Land, likely resulting in their enslavement.

What were the long-term effects of the Crusades?

Increased trade between Europe and the Mediterranean, decreased papal power, and lasting religious tensions.

Where did the Bubonic Plague originate?

China in the early 1300s.

How was the Bubonic Plague spread?

Through fleas that lived on rats, which transmitted the disease to humans.

What were some symptoms of the Bubonic Plague?

Swollen lymph nodes (buboes), vomiting, fever, and bleeding under the skin.

Who was Pesta in Norwegian folklore?

A personification of the Black Death who brought the disease to farms.

What were some common medieval treatments for the plague?

Cutting open swellings, using figs and onions, and placing live frogs on sores.

What was the societal impact of the Black Plague?

Killed 1/3 to 1/2 of Europe's population, led to improved living conditions, and increased women's rights.

What did the Black Plague lead to in terms of medical inquiry?

A new spirit of inquiry that contributed to the Renaissance.