FSU oceanography chapter 5(most) pearson questions

heaven help me

5.1: If all the water in the ocean was evaporated and only the solid salt was left behind, how much salt would there be?

Enough to form a layer about 500 feet thick that covers all of Earth

5.1: Describe the interaction between a water molecule and sodium chloride as it dissolves.

The negative oxygen end of the water molecule is attracted to the positive sodium ion.

5.1: Why is water able to dissolve salt?

Water molecules are polar and are attracted to the electrically charged ions that form salts.

5.1: Which attributes of the water molecule arise from the unique bend in its geometry?

The hydrogen end has a positive charge, and the oxygen end has a negative charge.

5.1: Why does the water molecule have polarity?

Water is geometrically bent to give one side, or pole, a positive charge and the opposite side a negative charge.

5.1: The covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule form as a result of the ________.

sharing of electrons between the atoms

5.1: Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of

the polarity of water molecules.

5.1: Water can pile up a short distance above a container's rim due to

high surface tension.

5.1: What type of bonding does table salt have?

Ionic

5.1: Protons have which type of electrical charge?

Positive

5.1: The basic building blocks of all matter are called ________.

atoms

5.1: Subatomic particles with a negative charge are called ________.

electrons

5.1: Subatomic particles with a neutral charge are called ________.

neutrons

5.1: Compare covalent and hydrogen bonding in water molecules.

Stronger covalent bonds occur within water molecules and weaker hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules.

5.1: Properties of water caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules

Surface tension/cohesion, dissolvability, hydrogen bonds, hydrating other ions

5.2: The state of matter in which water is densest

Liquid

5.2: The state of matter in which water molecules are the most energetic

Gas

5.2: The state of matter in which water is compressible

Gas

5.2: The state of matter in which water molecules vibrate about fixed locations

Solid

5.2: The state of matter of frost on grass

Solid

5.2: The state of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by

temperature

5.2: Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a

change in state

5.2: A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0 degrees Celsius. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added?

It remains constant until the ice melts, then it begins to rise.

5.2: What is the density of pure water?

1.0 g/cm³

5.2: As water boils, it reaches a plateau where all energy added is used to break intermolecular bonds in water, not increase its temperature; this is called ________.

latent heat of vaporization

5.2: Van der Waals forces are relatively weak interactions that exist between electrically ________ molecules because of the molecules’ uneven distribution of charge.

neutral

5.2: Define heat.

The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature

5.2: Define heat capacity.

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

5.2: Define temperature.

The direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance’s molecules

5.3: The Principle of Constant Proportions states that

the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change

5.3: What is the pH of pure water?

7.0

5.3: Salinity is expressed in ________.

parts per thousand

5.3: Which of the following is the most abundant negatively charged component of seawater?

Chloride

5.3: Which of the following is the most abundant positively charged component of seawater?

Sodium

5.3: Human consumption of which of the following components of seawater helps prevent goiter?

Iodine

5.3: Seawater salinity averages ___%

3.5

5.3: Seawater salinity averages __ ppt.

35

5.4: What process in the hydrologic cycle is most effective at increasing ocean salinity on a global scale?

Evaporation

5.4: The transfer of water between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the continents is known as the:

hydrologic cycle

5.4: Dissolved ions enter the ocean through which process?

River discharge

5.4: Dissolved ions are removed from the ocean through which process?

Hydrothermal activity at the mid-ocean ridge

5.4: What is the smallest reservoir of the Earth’s hydrologic cycle?

Atmospheric water vapor

5.4: On an annual basis, what flux between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the smallest?

Continent to ocean

5.4: On an annual basis, what flux between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the largest?

Ocean to atmosphere

5.4: What processes increase the salinity of water?

Sea ice formation, evaporation

5.5: The correct order of substances from most acidic to most alkaline is ______, ______, ______.

rainwater, pure water, seawater

5.5: We might expect to encounter brackish ocean surface water _______.

off the coast of Washington and Oregon

5.5: The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is:

HCO₃^-

5.5: The salinity curve for high latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth. Whereas, the salinity curve for low latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth.

decreased; increased; increased; decreased

5.5: Rapidly changing salinity with depth is called the ________.

halocline

5.5: Imagine you are swimming in the open ocean at a location near the equator. Based on the following data, can you determine how deep you would need to dive to reach a water temperature of 19 degrees Celsius?

• Seawater temperature at the surface: 24 degrees Celsius

• Thermocline at 300 and 1000 meter depths: 1 degree Celsius decrease per 50 meters of depth

550 meters

5.5: The densest water found in the ocean has what characteristics?

Cold, salty, and deep

5.6: Layer of rapidly changing temperature

Thermocline

5.6: Layer of rapidly changing density

Pycnocline

5.6: In terms of temperature for high-latitude regions, which layer is absent?

Thermocline

5.6: The pH surface of seawater is usually 8.1. That means the water is ________.

slightly basic (or alkaline)

5.7: There is a general trend of decreasing pH with increasing water depth in the ocean. What is the cause of this pattern?

Deeper, colder ocean water contains more dissolved carbon dioxide, which causes the pH to be lower.

5.7: Of the following statements about the pH of seawater, which is/are true?

The carbonate buffering system stabilizes the pH of seawater.

Dissolving carbon dioxide in seawater decreases the pH of seawater.

Seawater is slightly acidic.

The pH of seawater is higher than that of pure water.

An increase in the pH of seawater means it is becoming more acidic.

The carbonate buffering system stabilizes the pH of seawater, Dissolving carbon dioxide in seawater increases the pH of seawater, the pH of seawater is higher than that of pure water

5.8: Which gas in the atmosphere is the most abundant percentage by volume?

Nitrogen

5.8: Describe the Distillation Method for desalination.

Seawater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater.

5.8: Describe the Electrolysis Method for desalination.

A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater.

5.8: Describe the Reverse Osmosis Method for desalination.

Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

5.8: Describe the Freeze Separation Method for desalination.

Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing.

5.7: Calcite-secreting organisms such as __________ and __________ live in the ocean’s sunlit surface waters and form the basis of most marine food webs.

coccolithophores; foraminifers

5.7: The depth at which calcite dissolves rapidly in the ocean is called the ________.

calcite compensation depth or CCD

5.7: The pH scale is a measure of the ________ ion concentration of a solution.

hydrogen

5.7: As a whole, the pH of surface waters of the ocean is slightly ________.

alkaline

5.7: Carbon dioxide (CO₂) combines with water (H₂O) to form ________.

carbonic acid (H₂CO₃)

5.2: The most common liquid on planet Earth is ________.

water

5.2: The density (mass per volume) of most liquids increases as the ________ is lowered.

temperature

5.2: The density of pure water reaches its maximum density, or plateaus, at an approximate temperature of ________.

4 degrees Celsius

5.2: What causes water’s density to decrease when it freezes?

hydrogen bonds

5.8: Why are dissolved oxygen concentrations higher in the surface ocean than in the deep ocean at both high and low latitudes?

photosynthesis of phytoplankton

5.8: Why are dissolved oxygen concentrations lowest from just below the surface to a depth of about 1000 meters in both high and low latitudes?

respiration by fish and other marine organisms

5.8: Why are dissolved oxygen concentrations higher in the surface ocean at high latitudes than the surface ocean at low latitudes?

surface water temperatures are colder at high latitudes

5.8: Where did most of the oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere come from?

photosynthesis of phytoplankton in the ocean

5.8: Why do dissolved oxygen concentrations increase at depths greater than about 1000 meters at high and low latitudes?

Fewer marine organisms, deeper water is colder, oxygen is more soluble

5.5: Is there relatively high or low seawater salinity in the high latitudes? What combination of factors explains the salinity at high latitudes?

Lower salinity due to the high precipitation and runoff and melting icebergs, and low evaporation due to cooler temperatures

5.5: Is there relatively high or low seawater salinity in the low latitudes? What combination of factors explains the salinity at low latitudes?

Compared to high latitudes, there is higher salinity due to higher evaporation, but the salinity is slightly lower close to the equator due to an increase in runoff there.

5.5: As climate change causes global rises in temperature, which processes affecting sea surface salinity are likely to occur?

Increased melting of glacial ice, higher evaporation, decreased sea ice formation, higher precipitation and runoff5.1

5.1: The principal reason that oil and water do not mix, even when shaken, is that oil molecules ________.

are nonpolar whereas water molecules are polar