25. Causes of reduced nasal ventilation. Septum deviation. Smelling disorders.

What is reduced nasal ventilation

• Often causes a hyponasal speech

• Sound of speech that results from too little air escaping through the nose

what are the causes of reduced nasal ventilation

• Adenoid hypertrophy, turbinate hypertrophy

• Deviated septum, nasal polyps, pregnancy rhinitis

• Allergies, nasal decongestant spray abuse

• Very narrow nose, trauma, foreign body

what is septum deviation

• Congenital or traumatically acquired bending or bowing of the cartilaginous or bony nasal septum

what are the signs of septal deviation

• Nasal obstruction

• Olfactory impairment

• Recurrent sinusitis

• Haeaches

• Epistaxis

• OSAS

how is seen on external inspection

• Septal subluxation

• Anterior septal margin is displaced from median plane

• Seen on nasal base

what is seen upon anterior rhinoscopy

• Bowing, bending, spurring or ridging of cartilaginous or bony nasal septum

what is rhinomanometry

• Objectively evaluates respiratory function of the nose

what is the treatment of reduced nasal ventilation

• Surgical straightening septoplasty

what are the classifications of smelling disorders

• Quantitative

• Qualitative

what are the quantitative smelling disorders

• Anosmia= complete loss of olfaction

• Hyposmia= reduced olfaction

• Hyperosmia= increased olfaction

what are qualitative smelling disorders

• Parosmia= altered perception of an odorant in the presence of a stimulus

• Phantosmia= altered perception of an odorant in the absence of a stimulus

what does dysosmia mean

• Qualitative olfaction disorder and includes both parosmia and phantosmia

what are the causes of smelling disorders

• Idiopathic, iatrogenic, URTI, nasal and paranasal sinus disease

• Toxic chemical exposure

• Neurological abnormalities, head trauma

• Tumors on the frontal lobe or olfactory bulb

• Epilepsy

• Psychiatric causes (schizophrenia, alcoholic psychosis, depression)