Psych 1010 Exam 3

What are the three stages of memory?

Encoding, storage, retrieval

What is the difference between recall and recognition?

Recall = no cues; Recognition = identify correct info

What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory?

Explicit = conscious facts/events; Implicit = unconscious skills

What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

Sensory → short-term → long-term memory

What is sensory memory?

Brief storage of sensory input (iconic = visual, echoic = auditory)

What is short-term memory capacity?

About 7 ± 2 items

What is encoding?

Processing information into memory

When are memories encoded best?

With emotion, meaning, or repetition

What is chunking?

Grouping information into meaningful units

What is the spacing effect?

Distributed studying improves retention

What is the testing effect?

Practicing retrieval improves memory

Why is rote memorization ineffective?

Lacks deep processing

What is deep processing?

Encoding based on meaning (best for memory)

What is shallow processing?

Encoding based on surface details

What brain structure is key for explicit memory?

Hippocampus

What brain areas handle implicit memory?

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

What is long-term potentiation?

Strengthening of neural connections

What is a flashbulb memory?

Vivid memory of emotional events

What is infantile amnesia?

Inability to remember early childhood

What are retrieval cues?

Stimuli that help access memories

What is priming?

Activation of related memories

What is context-dependent memory?

Better recall in same environment

What is state-dependent memory?

Better recall in same state

What is the serial position effect?

Primacy (first) and recency (last)

What is anterograde amnesia?

Can't form new memories

What is retrograde amnesia?

Loss of old memories

What is encoding failure?

Information never stored

What is storage decay?

Memory fades over time

What is interference?

Other memories disrupt recall

Difference between proactive and retroactive interference?

Proactive = old blocks new; Retroactive = new blocks old

What is the misinformation effect?

False info alters memory

What is source amnesia?

Forgetting where info came from

What is motivation?

Process that directs behavior

What is drive-reduction theory?

Motivation to reduce discomfort

What is arousal theory?

Motivation to maintain optimal alertness

What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?

Moderate arousal = best performance

What is Maslow's hierarchy?

Needs from basic to self-actualization

Intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic = internal; Extrinsic = external rewards

What is procrastination?

Delaying tasks despite consequences

Best way to reduce procrastination?

Break tasks and set deadlines

What brain area regulates hunger?

Hypothalamus

What is the set point?

Body's preferred weight

Why do we eat when not hungry?

Emotions, environment, habits

What is Self-Determination Theory?

Autonomy, competence, relatedness

What is flow?

Deep engagement in a task

What is the need to belong?

Human need for relationships

What is emotion?

Response with arousal, behavior, and cognition

Difference between mood and emotion?

Mood lasts longer, less intense

What is the James-Lange theory?

Arousal leads to emotion

What is the Cannon-Bard theory?

Arousal and emotion happen simultaneously

What is the Schachter-Singer theory?

Arousal + cognitive label = emotion

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

Facial expressions influence feelings

What are basic negative emotions?

Fear, anger, sadness

What are basic positive emotions?

Joy, love

What is anger?

Response to frustration or threat

Is catharsis effective?

No, it often increases anger

Healthy ways to manage anger?

Exercise, communication

What is happiness?

Overall well-being and life satisfaction

What is the PERMA model?

Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, Achievement

What predicts happiness most?

Close relationships

What is subjective well-being?

Self-perceived happiness