vaccination

Used to generate memory as a prevention so that immunity occurs without infection or sickness

Vaccination

Immunization by administration of an antigen

Active immunization

Transfer of immunity by transfer of specific antibodies

Passive immunization

Transfer of immunity by the transfer of immune cells

Adoptive immunization

• heard immunity threshold is 1-1/R0

• R0 is inversely proportional to herd immunity needed to prevent spread

• The higher R0 is the higher % of people need vaccination to prevent spread

Herd immunity

Declared when the disease is no longer found or transmitted at a sustained rate within geographic area

Elimination of an infectious disease

Specific activation of aspects of immunity associated with protection from infection or protection from disease. For this you need to know what type of immunity is needed for specific pathogen EX. Cell or AB mediated

Correlates of protection

• AB-neutralization, Opsonization, metabolic inference

• Must be directed against external component of pathogen in order to have effect

B cell induction by vaccine

• cytokine production, B cell help, direct killing of infected cells

• Recognize major component of pathogen with restricted diversity. AG processing and presentation means both internal and external components of pathogens are recognized

T cell induction by vaccination

• AG

• Adjuvant

• Stabilizer

• Carry over substances

• Packing of AG

Components of vaccine

Full or select genes or proteins of a pathogen

antigen of vaccine

Enhance immune response

• slow release of AG

• Recruit leukocytes, chemokines, cytokines

• Aggregate AGs to encourage phagocytosis

• Upregulate MHC 2

• Encourage leukocyte maturation and migration

Adjuvants of vaccine

Virus is weakened so that it can no loner cause disease and infect cells or removal of key gene from virus to limit spread

Live attenuated vaccines

• long lasting

• No adjuvants

• Alternate administration routes

Live attenuated benefits

• inappropriate distribution to immunologically challenged populations

• Genetic reversion to wild type

Live attenuated drawbacks

Virus is killed using chemicals

Whole inactivated vaccines

Benefits

• inclusion of antigenic determinants to increase response

Drawback

• small amounts of endo or exotoxin AE

• Adjuvant needed

• Repeated administration

• Trace amounts of chemicals

Whole inactivated vaccines benefits and drawbacks

Representative proteins from pathogen that is an important target of immune response prepared by chemical synthesis

Subunit vaccine

Benefit

• stronger response vs cell mediated

• Can combine proteins in lipid carrier to induce response

Drawbacks

• adjuvants

Subunit vaccine benefits and drawbacks

Toxoids are chemically inactivated subunit vaccines and polysaccharides are T-I antigens. t-dependant response to both toxoid and polysaccharide

Conjugate vaccines

• no nucleic acid so no infections occur where the protein self-assembles into VLP to create AG structure

Virus like particles