Parent-Child Exam 3

polygyny

man has more than one wife

polyandry

woman having more than one husband

who is most often single paren

moms

poverty rate for single moms

37.2%

poverty rate for 2 parent families

6.3%

cumulative risk model

the more stressors single mothers face, the more likely moms and their children are to experience poor outcomes

child outcomes for parents single by choice

no differences

child outcomes for single parent families

children more likely to drop out of school, become parents before 20, be unemployed

what percent of marriages end in divorce

45%

common denominator among most divorcing parents

high rates of conflict

dicounting

parent makes derogatory comments about the other partner to the child

messenger or go-between

child does the communication for the family

i-spy

when children get put in situations where they have to play detective for the other parent

initial stage of adaptation after divorce

occurs after parents inform child of their decision to separate- marked by high levels of stress, during which aggressive conflict and unhappiness increase

transition stage of adaptation post-divorce

emotions normalize and the restructuring process includes enolving new family patterns, changing the quality of life, and establishing visitation routines with the noncustodial parent

restabilization stage of adaptation post- divorce

when the new single-parent family system or blended family is more stable- about 5 years after

3 central themes of blended families

giving up on unrealistic expectations, clarifying the feelings and needs of each family member, committing to new roles, rules, boundaries and routines

how has rate of adolescent mothers changed

decrease by 60% since 2007

contributing factors to adolescent pregnancy

unsafe sex, not using proper contraceptives, erros in contraceptive use, parental supervision and monitoring

what impacts quality of teen parenting

if they are competent caregivers who are watm and responsive, reasonable discipline, social support, support from father

challenges of teen mothers

unprepared for parenthood, own phase of development conflicts with early parenthood

reasons grandparents become caregivers

financial problems of parents, employment problems, incarceration, illness, maltreatment, substance use, death

challenges of grandparent caregivers

resentment towards their children, guilt that they messed up on their children, lower levels of social support, stigma and shame from their peers

kinship adoption

grandparents adopting grandchild, stepparent adopting child, family friend adopting child

adoption in 1930s and 50s

they would try to match kids to parents so you couldn’t tell they were adopted

public adoption

through a licensed agency

private adoption

a third party arranges adoption between potential parents and birth mother

closed adoption

identities of both biological and adoptive parents remain confidential

open adoption-

biological and adoptive parents have access to each other’s records and cna contact each other

semi-open adoption

permits access to information to all parties but no contact or visitation takes place

reactive attachment disorder

a syndrome of developmentally inappropriate behavior with regard to interpersonal relationships

percent of married mothers with presechool age children in workforce

68%

% of households with children where women are primary breadwinner

40%

commuter families

families where one parent is the primary caregiver bc the other parent works and spends the work week (at least three nights) living in another location

determinant for family adjustment to commuter family

whether the family feels good about the situation

percent of military people married

50%

percent of military couples with children

40%

characteristics that impact military families

active duty or reserves, branch of military, how often in combat zones

how is SES measured

parental occupation, highest educational degree obtained, income

how do we measure poverty in U.S.

family income

poverty threshhold in U.S.

~$31,000

percent of children living in poverty

19%

HOME

Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment- looks at how poverty impact parenting

% of homeless individuals that are families

35%

affluent families risk

children at risk for anxiewty, depression, substance use, emotional problems

11 types of ACEs

Domestic Violence, Substance Use, Mental health problems, parental separation, incarceration, emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect

prevalence of parents with severe mental health problems

1 in 5

co-occurence

two or more problems in family

co-morbidity

two or more disorders within individuals

children with special needs are susceptible to

maltreatment, abuse, neglect

how is parenting impacted by IPV

less warmth, more frequent verbal or physically harsh punishments

WEIRD societies

western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic

3 components of developmental niche

physical and social environment, cultural niche, parental ethnotheories,

what role does culture play in attachment

attachment is designed around socialization goals

individualism in parenting

early on- value control over child’s life, over time promote autonomy and independence

collectivism in parenting

interdependence, early on close body contact btwn baby and parent

4 versions of control and discipline

nonviolent discipline, psychologically aggressive discipline, physically violent discipline, severe physical violence

respeto

respect for authority, maintaining appropriate relationships with other people and teaching children to respect adults

familism

family centered approach, reciprocity between family members

Machismo- parenting style that values masculinity

educacion

value for education also in terms of morality, responsibility, and interpersonal relationships

no-nonsense parenting

respect for authority, quick compliance, demanding discipline, and acceptance of the child

ethnic/racial socialization

the ways parents teach their children about race, culture, and ethnicity

four ethnic socialization practices

cultural socialization, preparation for bias, promotion of mistrust, egalitarianism

guarded separation socialization

provided frequent messages about need to maintain heritage culture and avoid contact with outgroups

passive integration socialization

reminded children about maintaining heritage culture, gave few messages about avoiding out groups, and respect individuals in other groups

impact of trauma throughout history on Native American families

impacts health and wellbeing, PTSD, maltreatment, poveryt, unemployment, alcohol abuse, IPV, gambling, delinquency, suicide

Seven Generations Belief

Learn from the past, make Responsible decisions in the preset, because it will impact future

Loving v. Virginia

1967 Supreme court case that made interracial marriage legal

first generation

person living permanently in a country different from where they were born

second generation

person born in a new country to at least one parent who was born from a different country

acculturation

process of learning about, taking on, and adapting to the norms and values of the majority society

enculturation

process by which a person learns about one’s own cultural group

% of immigrants in poverty

15%

global % who belong to religious group

84%

U.S. rates claiming no religioius identity

1 in 5