Anatomy Final

What is anatomy

the study of the body parts and their physical relationship to each other

what is physiology

the study of how body parts work together to maintain homeostasis

what is hommeostasis

maintenance of proper internal conditions when external conditions change

what is the process of homeostasis

receptor →control center →effector

what is a negative feedback loop

works to stop or reduce the stimulus (return back to normal)

examples of a negative feedback loop

shivering/sweating, hunger/thirst, increases in breathing and heart rate, tiredness

what is a positive feedback loop

work to increase/amplify the stimulus

examples of positive feedback loop

fever to kill infections, adrenaline release in excitement, hormone release during childbirth

What happens if homeostatic imbalances occur

illness and disease, injury

aging and death are the result of a diminished homeostatic response

What organ(s) is a part of the integumentary system

skin

What are the functions of the integumentary system

• protection from water loss, physical (abrasions), UV radiation, Infection

• insulation and cushioning

• thermoregulation

• vitamin D synthesis

• sensory functions

What organ(s) is a part of the skeletal system

bones (206)

What are the functions of the skeletal system

• structure/support

• protection

• storage of minerals and calcium fats

• hematopoiesis

• movement (with skeletal muscles)

what is hematopoiesis

production of red blood cells

What organ(s) is a part of the Muscular system

skeletal muscles

What are the functions of the muscular system

• movement with bones locomotion and manipulating the environment

• posture and compression

• heat production (shivering)

• facial expressions for communicating

What organ(s) is a part of the nervous system

brain, spinal cord, body nerves

What are the functions of the nervous system

• master controller of body functions

What organ(s) is a part of the endocrine system

glands: pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal

What are the functions of the endocrine system

• secrete hormones which regulate body processes (slow control)

What organ(s) is a part of the cardiovascular system

heart and blood vessels

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system

• heart pumps blood through blood vessels

• delivery of oxygen and nutrients to body cells

• takes CO₂ and wastes away from the body

What organ(s) is a part of the lymphatic system (immune system)

lymph nodes and vessels

What are the functions of the lymphatic system (immune system)

• immune functions to transport white blood cells to fight infection

• transports fluids around the body

What organ(s) is a part of the respiratory system

lungs, airway, intercostal muscles and diaphragm

What are the functions of the respiratory system

• gas exchange (O₂ in, CO₂ out)

What organ(s) is a part of the digestive system

alimentary canal (food tube), accessory organs(teeth, tongue, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas)

What are the functions of the digestive system

• breaks down food

• absorbs nutrients

• eliminates solid wastes

What organ(s) is a part of the urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

What are the functions of the urinary system

• removal of nitrogenous wastes from blood

• water and electrolyte balance

What organ(s) is a part of the reproductive system in females

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, birth canal, external genitalia, mammary glands

What are the functions of the reproductive system in females

• production and secretion of eggs (oogenesis)

• pregnancy/parturition

• milk production

What organ(s) is a part of the reproductive system in males

testes, vas deferens, accessory glands, penis

What are the functions of the reproductive system in males

• sperm production (spermatogenesis)

• delivery of sperm into the female reproductive tract

what is anatomical position

standard position used for reference

standing at attention with toes and palms facing forward

What do directional terms allow for

allow us to talk about body parts’ locations in relation to other body parts

What does superior mean

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body (above)

Ex: the forehead is superior to the nose

What does inferior mean

away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure of the body (below)

Ex: The navel is inferior to the breastbone

What does anterior mean

toward or at the front of the body (in front of)

Ex: The breastbone is anterior to the spine

What does posterior mean

toward or at the backside of the body (behind)

Ex: the heart is posterior to the breastbone

What does medial mean

toward or at the midline of the body (on the inner side of)

Ex: the heart is medial to the arm

What does lateral mean

away from the midlineof the body (on the outer side of)

Ex: the arms are lateral to the chest

What does intermediate mean

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Ex: the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and the shoulder

What does proximal mean

close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist (meaning that the elbow is closer to the shoulder or attachment point of the arm than the wrist is)

What does distal mean

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Ex: The knee is distal to the thigh

What does superficial mean

toward or at the body surface

Ex: the skin is superficial to the skeleton

What does deep mean

away from the body surface (more internal)

Ex: the lungs are deep to the rub cage

What are body regions

refer to a particular section of the body

What is #4

Nasal

What is #3

Orbital

What is #8

Buccal

What is #5

Oral

What is #7

Cervical

What is #22

Acromial

What is #10

Sternal

What is #11

Axillary

What is #12

Pectoral

What is #23

Brachial

What is #24

Antecubital

What is #13 (Purple region)

Abdominal

What is #14

Umbilical

What is #15

Pelvic

What is #27

Carpal

What is #32

digital

What is #34

Coxal

What is #16

Inguinal

What is #17

Pubic

What is #35

Femoral

What is #36

Patellar

What is #38

Crural

What is #40

Fibular

What is #42

Tarsal

What is #50 on the posterior view

Occipital

What is the whole head/neck area on the posterior view

cephalic

What is #22 on the posterior view

rear deltoid

What is #53 on the posterior view

scapular

What is #54 on the posterior view

Vertebral

What is #55 on the posterior view

Lumbar

What is #56 on the posterior view

Sacral

What is #57 on the posterior view

Gluteal

What is #35 on the posterior view

Femoral

What is #37 on the posterior view

Popiteal

what is #39 on the posterior view

sural

What does sagittal body plane mean

splits the body into left and right

What does frontal body plane mean

front/back

What does transverse body plane mean

top/bottom

What does the ventral body cavity contain

thoracic and abdominopelvic

What does the dorsal body cavity contain

Cranial cavity and spinal cavity

Body Cavities: What is #1

Cranial

Body Cavities: What is #4

Thoracic

Body Cavities: What is #3

Spinal

Body Cavities: What is #5

Diaphragm

Body Cavities: What is #6

Abdominal Cavity

Body Cavities: What is #7

Pelvic

What is the hand as a whole

manus

What is #46 on the posterior view

plantar

what is #43 on the posterior view

calcaneal

what is the foot as a whole

pedal

what is #47

digital

What is histology

study of body tissues