Taxonomy/Bacteria

give me the flow for taxonomy

Dear- domain

king- kingdom
phillip- phylum

came- class

over- order

for- family

great-genus

soup- species

when writing animals names should be ____, when typing they should be ___

writing- underlined

typing- italicized

Biological Taxonomy

Classifications follow a specific hierarchy that gets increasingly refined as you work down the ranks

Species

group of organisms that are able to reproduce and produce viable offspring

give me the domains

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

prokaryote domain

bacteria and archaea

eukaryote domain

eukarya- includes all other eukaryotic organisms

how should a species be named

genus and then species

what kingdom were prokaryotes once grouped into?

monera

monera

referring to single celled

give me 3 characteristics of prokaryotic cells

dna is circular

no membrane bound nucleus or organelles

domain archaea

Very old group of organisms that inhabit the more extreme environments => extremophiles

organisms that fall into the domain archaea have no _____ in cell walls

peptidoglycan

archaea have unique

lipid construction in the plasma membrane

archaea actually may be more closely related to ____ than some ______

eukaryotes than some prokaryotes

some archaea contain introns… what are these

non-coding parts of a gene - the parts that are not accessible/not readble

domain archaea are broken up into what three classifications

Methanogens

Halophiles

Thermoacidophiles 

where do Methanogens live and what they known as?

live below the mire (mud) in swamps

known as the methane makers

Methanogens reduce _____ to ______ which is known as what

co2 to methane- which is known as swamp gas

Methanogens are poisoned by what?

what does this make them?

oxygen

makes them obligate anaerobe because they have to stay in oxygen free environments 

where do Halophiles live?

in very salty place (15-20%)

the color in Halophiles is due to the presence of a pigment called/

bacteriorhodopsin

Halophiles use the simplest form of _______

photophosphorylation

what light do Halophiles use ?

carotenoids (yellow, orange, and red)

why do we not call Halophiles photosynthetic organisms ?

because they use light with carotenoids and not chlorophyll

what are some geographical places that Halophiles can be found?

in the great salt lake or dead sea

where do Thermoacidophiles live?

live in areas with a pH of 2 and below and temps above 60°C

what are some geographical places that Thermoacidophiles can be found?

areas such as deep sea vents or hot sulfur springs

Thermoacidophiles cannot live in above

2 pH

give me an example of Thermoacidophiles

Picrophilus- grows at 0.7 pH and can tolerate 0.0 pH; will disintegrate at 4.0 pH 

gram + bacteria

lot of peptidoglycan in cell wall; stains violet

gram - bacteria

very little peptidoglycan in wall; stains red/pink

domain bacteria have _____ that are different from eukaryotic cells

ribosomes

how does bacteria divide since it doesn’t have mitosis or meiosis

through binary fusion

bacteria has what two things ?

chemotaxis and phototaxis

where is the extra chromosomal DNA found in bacteria?

in plasmids

some bacteria can form _____

what are these?

endospores

cells able to withstand harsh environmental conditions

the pilli on bacteria is for

attachment or conjugation

rod

bacilli

sphere

cocci

spiral

spirilla

flagella

rotary motors of bacteria

composed of flagellin (protein) 

chemotaxis

movement in response to a chemical gradients (+ or -)

phototaxis

movement in response to light (+ vs. -)

a gram - bacteria such as E.coli’s outer membrane…

makes it resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin

give me the three arrangments of bacteria

diplo

strepto

staphylo

diplo

paired

strepto

chained

staphylo

clusters

because bacteria reproduces through binary fusion, what else does this mean?

that they will clone

mitosis

process eukaryotes use to divide nuclear DNA during cell division –used to replace old cells and grow larger

how does bacteria obtain genetic variation?

through horizontal gene transfer- genetic recombination with the help of plasmids

what are the three types of horizontal gene transfer

Conjugation

Transformation

Transduction

plasmids

Self replicating circular chromosomes not associated with the bacteria's normal chromosome `

conjugation

Transfer of DNA between two bacterial cells which are temporarily joined- dna is transferred through tube (pilus)

transformation

Process of taking in DNA from the external environment- which is usually dna that has been shed by other bacteria

transduction

Transfer of DNA between prokaryotes by viruses

Bacteriophages

viruses that infect bacteria

Bacteriophages commandeer a cell’s resources

to make more bacteriophages

sometimes chunks of _______ get caught inside the new bacteriophage

host cell dna

what happens when one of the “defective” bacteriophages infects a cell?

it transfers the dna

nutrition in bacteria is defined

in regard to energy source and carbon source

energy source for the chart

photoautotrophs- light

chemoautotroph- inorganics

photoheterotrophs- light

chemoheterotroph- organic compounds

carbon source for chart

photoautotrophs- co2

chemoautotroph- co2

photoheterotrophs- organic compounds

chemoheterotroph- organic compounds

majority of bacteria are _____, which includes what two types of species?

chemoheterotrophs

includes saprobes and parasites

saprobes

feed on dead organisms

parasites

feed on living host

most bacteria are _____ and what is this?

Obligate aerobes

requires oxygen (most bacteria are this

Facultative anaerobe

can grow with or without oxygen; usually grows faster with it

Obligate anaerobe

poisoned by oxygen; must have oxygen free (anoxic) environment

symbiosis

An ecological relationship between different species which are in direct contact with each other

species a for symbiosis chart

mutualism- (+)

commensalism- (-)

parasitism- (+)

ammensalism- (0)

species b for symbiosis chart

mutualism- (+)

commensalism- (0)

parasitism- (-)

ammensalism- (-)

notes for symbiosis chart

mutualism- both benefit

commensalism- a benefits, b is neither harmed nor gets benefits

parasitism- a benefits, b is harmed

ammensalism- a does not benefit nor gets harmed, b is harmed

give me the 5 kingdoms of domain bacteria

kingdom…

proteobacteria

chlamydia

spirochetes

gram + bacteria

cyanobacteria

give me the subgroups of kingdom proteobacteria

alpha

beta

gamma

delta

epsilon

many species that are in the subgroup alpha proteobacteria are _____ with what?

symbiotic (in relationship) with plants

what kind of relationship are the species in alpha proteobacteria in with plants?

mutualism

beta proteobacteria are _______

nutritionally diverse

beta proteobacteria oxidizes what? this makes them known as what?

ammonia to nitrites

makes them known as nitrogen recyclers

what kind of relationship does beta proteobacteria have?

mutualism

what bacteria causes gonorrhea

beta proteobacteria / Neisserria gonorrhoeae (give her both)

gamma proteobacteria oxidizes

hydrogen sulfide to sulfur

delta proteobacteria is known as

slime producing myxobacteria

what is the name of the bacteria that consumes other bacteria in delta proteobacteria

Bdellovibrios

epsilon proteobacteria

pathogens to humans and various animals

h. pylori (give her this answer)- epsilon proteobacteria

stomach ulcers

Camphylobactor- epsilon proteobacteria

Blood Poisoning and Intestinal inflammation

kingdom chlamydia survives only in

animal cells

what makes chlamydia a parasite

because it steals ATP from inside animal cells

chlamydia is gram (-) or (+)

gram -

true or false: chlamydia’s cell wall has peptidoglycan

false

Chlydia trachomatis- chlamydia

most common STI

Causes blindness and non-gonococcal urethritis 

which kingdom causes blindness?

chlamydia

kingdom spirochetes

Uses flagella to “spiral” through an environment

what disease is caused by t. pallidum in spirochetes?

syphilis

Borrelia burgdorferi- spirochetes

lyme disease

kingdom cyanobacteria use …

photosystem 1 and 2 and contains chlorophyll a

true or false: cyanobacteria has chloroplasts and membrane bound organelles

false

cyanobacteria is ____

chlorophyll is found

photosynthetic

chlorophyll is found in thylakoid membranes