Ch 1-8 Vocab Concepts & Principles of ABA

Respondent Conditiong

The transfer of the control of behavior from one stimulus to another by stimulus-stimulus association

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

an arbitrary stimulus that, after associated with an unconditioned stimulus (US) elicits reflexive behavior, now alone elicits the response

Conditioned Response (CR)

A response that is elicited after a previously arbitrary stimulus that, after several pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (US), is now a conditioned stimulus (CS)

Second Order Conditioning

Pairing two CSs (CS1 + CS2), rather than a CS & US

Reflex

When an unconditioned stimulus (US) elicits an unconditioned response (UR)

(US—>UR)

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

The eliciting event for the reflex

Unconditioned Response (UR)

The behavior elicited by the unconditioned stimulus (US)

Habituation

Repeated exposures to US may lead to weakened UR

Behavior

Everything an organism does

Operant Behavior

Any behavior whose future frequency is determined primarily by its history of consequences

Positive Reinforcement

The presentation of an event or stimulus following an operant that increases the rate of response

Negative Reinforcement

A contingency where an ongoing stimulus or event is removed (or prevented) by some response (operant) & the rate of response increases

Positive Punishment

A procedure that involves the presentation of an event or stimulus following behavior that has the effect of decreasing the rate of response

Negative Punishment

A contingency that involves the removal of an event or stimulus following behavior & decreasing the rate of response

Discriminative Stimulus (SD)

A stimulus in the presence of which behavior has been reinforced. An SD evokes behavior because it signals the availability of reinforcement

S🔺

A stimulus in the presence of which a behavior has not produced reinforcement

Premack Principle

A higher-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for a lower-frequency behavior

Operant Conditioning

An increase or decrease in operant behavior as a function of the consequences which followed these responses

Extinction

The process of breaking the contingency between the operant & its consequence

Schedule of Reinforcement

A rule specifying the environmental arrangements & response requirements for reinforcement a description of a contingency of reinforcement

Continuous Reinforcement

When each response produces reinforcement

Fixed-Ratio

Response-based schedule of reinforcement in which delivery of reinforcement occurs after a fixed # of responses are made

Variable-Ratio

Response-based schedule of reinforcement occurs after a varied # of responses are made

Fixed-Interval

Schedule of reinforcement in which an operant is reinforced after a fixed amount of time has passed

Variable-Interval

Reinforcement in which one response is reinforced after a variable amount of time has passed

Aversive Stimuli

Events or happenings that organisms escape from, evade, or avoid

Primary Aversive Stimulus

An aversive stimulus that has acquired its aversive properties as a function of a species history

Conditioned Aversive Stimulus

An aversive stimulus based on a history of conditioning

Punisher

A stimulus that decreases the frequency of an operant that produces it

Overcorrection

A positive punishment procedure that uses “restitution” to reduce or eliminate destructive or challenging behavior it may also involve positive practice, requiring the violator to intensively practice an overly correct form of the action

Timeout from Reinforcement

A negative punishment procedure where the wrongdoer loses access to positive reinforcement for a specified period of time for engaging in the undesirable behavior

Response Cost

A negative punishment procedure in which conditioned reinforcers are removed contingent on behavior & the behavior decreases

Negative Reinforcer

Any event or stimulus that increases the probability of an operant that removes or prevents it

Escape

Operant behavior increases by removing an ongoing event or stimulus

Avoidance

An operant increases by preventing the onset of an event or stimulus

Differential Reinforcement

Reinforcement in the presence of one stimulus (SD) but not in other settings (S🔺)

Stimulus Control

The change in behavior that occurs when either an SD or S🔺 is presented. when an SD is presented the probability of the response increased; when an S🔺 is presented, the probability of response decreased

Multiple Schedule

Two or more basic schedules of reinforcement presented sequentially in which both schedules are signaled by discriminative stimuli

Behavioral Contrast

The inverse relationship between the response rate for two components of a multiple schedule. as one goes up, the other goes down

Generalization

Emitting a similar behavior in different situations

Discrimination

When an organism makes a differential response to two or more stimuli

Fading

Transferring stimulus control from one variable of a stimulus to another. this is done by gradually changing a controlling stimulus from an initial value to some designated criterion

Matching to Sample (MTS)

a procedure used to investigate recognition of stimuli is called matching to sample

Delayed Matching to Sample (DMTS)

On a marching to sample task, the comparison stimuli are presented sometime after the sample stimuli are turned off

Conditional Discrimination

a differential response to stimuli that depends on the stimulus context

Motivating Operation

any environmental variable that momentarily alters (a) the effectiveness of some stimulus, object or event as a reinforcer or punisher & (b) the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object or event

Establishing Operation

an MO that increases the effectiveness of some stimulus, object or event as a reinforcer or punisher

Abolishing Operation

an MO that decreases the effectiveness of some stimulus, object or event as a reinforcer or punisher