sackett packet card set

Invented the movable type printing press in 1450

Johannes Gutenberg

The common language of the people in a specific region

Vernacular

Attitudes or activities with no religious or spiritual basis

Secular

Spanish monarchs who funded Columbus’s voyage and completed the Reconquista

Ferdinand and Isabella

Northern Humanist who wrote The Praise of Folly to criticize Church corruption

Erasmus

English humanist and author of Utopia

Sir Thomas More

First Tudor king who ended the War of the Roses

Henry VII

Civil war between the House of York and the House of Lancaster

Wars of the Roses

English king who broke from the Catholic Church to annul his marriage

Henry VIII

Queen who established the Anglican Church via the Elizabethan Settlement

Elizabeth I

Rulers who prioritized political unity and national stability over religious dogma

Politiques

Year Martin Luther posted the 95 Theses

1517

German princes’ jealousy of Church wealth and resentment of taxes

Economic causes of the Reformation

Main goal of the German Peasant Revolt (1525)

Ending feudalism and serfdom (Twelve Articles)

Author of Don Quixote

Miguel Cervantes

Hapsburg ruler of Spain known as the "Most Catholic King"

Philip II

Period of multiple popes that damaged the prestige of the Church

Great Schism

The "Warrior Pope" who commissioned the Sistine Chapel

Pope Julius II

Certificates sold by the Church to reduce punishment for sins

Indulgences

The buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges or church offices

Simony

The appointment of friends and relatives to positions of authority

Nepotism

A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God

Theocracy

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

Huguenots

Established the principle of "Cuius regio, eius religio" (Whose realm, his religion)

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Protestant belief that God has already determined who will be saved

Predestination

City where John Calvin established a strictly regulated theocratic government

Geneva, Switzerland

Four lifestyle restrictions for Calvinists

No dancing, no gambling, no swearing, no bright clothing

Primary goal of the Counter-Reformation

To reform the Catholic Church and stop the spread of Protestantism

Catholic meeting that reaffirmed traditional doctrine but banned the sale of indulgences

Council of Trent

Founder of the Jesuit Order (Society of Jesus)

Ignatius of Loyola

Artistic style characterized by distorted figures, elongated limbs, and emotional tension

Mannerism

Most famous Mannerist artist

El Greco

Document issued by Henry IV of France granting religious religious freedom to Huguenots

Edict of Nantes

The event that sparked the Thirty Years' War in 1618

Defenestration of Prague

Ended the Thirty Years' War and recognized the independence of the Netherlands

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The belief that a monarch’s authority comes directly from God

Divine Right Theory

Economic policy focused on accumulating gold and maintaining a favorable balance of trade

Mercantilism

English law protecting individuals from illegal imprisonment

Habeas Corpus Act

Supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War

Roundheads (Parliamentarians)

Upper house of the British Parliament consisting of hereditary nobles and bishops

House of Lords

Lower house of the British Parliament consisting of elected representatives

House of Commons

Chief minister to Louis XIII who worked to centralize French royal power

Cardinal Richelieu

Finance minister to Louis XIV who promoted mercantilist policies

Jean Baptiste Colbert

The massive palace built by Louis XIV to symbolize his power

Versailles

The series of civil wars in France that threatened the young Louis XIV

The Fronde

Policy of Peter the Great to modernize Russia based on European models

Westernization

Warm-water port city built by Peter the Great as a "Window to the West"

St. Petersburg

Prussian ruler known for military genius and "Enlightened Despotism"

Frederick the Great

The bloodless overthrow of King James II of England

Glorious Revolution (1688)

Joint monarchs who signed the English Bill of Rights in 1689

William and Mary

View that the Earth is the center of the universe

Geocentric view

Invention that allowed for the study of microorganisms and cells

Microscope

Mathematics developed by Isaac Newton to describe change and motion

Calculus

Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric (sun-centered) model

Copernicus

Danish astronomer who recorded decades of accurate planetary data

Tycho Brahe

Mathematician who proved planets move in elliptical orbits, not circles

Johannes Kepler

Scientist who used a telescope to support heliocentrism and was tried by the Inquisition

Galileo Galilei

Formulated the laws of universal gravitation and three laws of motion

Isaac Newton

Philosopher who championed deductive reasoning and the phrase "I think, therefore I am"

René Descartes

Step-by-step process of observation, hypothesis, and experimentation

Scientific Method

Inventor of the seed drill which increased agricultural efficiency

Jethro Tull

Impact of the seed drill

Allowed seeds to be planted in neat rows at specific depths, increasing crop yields

Movement that fenced off common lands, forcing many peasants to move to cities

Enclosure Movement

Shared land used by villagers for grazing and fuel in traditional English life

"The Commons"

Three factors that led to increased food production in the 18th century

Enclosure, crop rotation, and new tools (seed drill)

Major products native to the Americas that transformed the European food supply

Potatoes and Corn (Maize)

17th-century era of massive wealth and cultural achievement in the Netherlands

Dutch Golden Age

Main reason the Netherlands rebelled against Spanish authority in the 1500s

Religious (Protestantism vs. Catholic Spain) and heavy taxation

Famous Dutch Golden Age artists

Rembrandt and Vermeer

Subjects of Dutch Golden Age art

Everyday life, domestic scenes, and wealthy merchant portraits (secular)

Theory that people give up some rights to a government in exchange for social order

Social Contract Theory

Author of Leviathan who argued that humans are naturally "nasty and brutish" and need an absolute ruler

Thomas Hobbes

Philosopher who argued for "Life, Liberty, and Property" and the right to rebel

John Locke

Informal social gatherings where writers and philosophers exchanged Enlightenment ideas

Salons

Enlightenment thinkers who applied reason to the study of government and society

Philosophes

Religious belief that God created the universe but does not interfere in its daily affairs

Deism

Absolute monarchs who used Enlightenment principles to improve their subjects' lives

Enlightened Despots

Ornate, light-hearted artistic style characterized by pastels and curves

Rococo Art

Enlightenment thinker who proposed the separation of powers into three branches

Montesquieu

Author of The Social Contract who believed in the "General Will"

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Fierce advocate for freedom of speech and religious toleration

Voltaire

Known as the "Father of Capitalism" and author of The Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith

Editor of the Encyclopédie, which aimed to collect all human knowledge

Denis Diderot

Enlightenment advocate for women’s rights and education

Mary Wollstonecraft

The "Grand Tour"

A traditional trip through Europe taken by upper-class young men to finish their education

Russian ruler who modernized the legal system and expanded territory into Poland

Catherine the Great

Hapsburg Empress who centralized the Austrian government and strengthened the military

Maria Theresa

Austrian ruler who abolished serfdom and granted religious toleration (the most radical Enlightened Despot)

Joseph II

The landed nobility of Prussia who held positions in the military and government

Junkers

Global conflict (1756–1763) that left Britain as the dominant colonial power

Seven Years' War

Impact of the Seven Years' War on Britain and France

Britain gained Canada/India; both nations incurred massive debt leading to revolutions

The "Ancien Regime"

The old social and political system of France before the 1789 Revolution

The First Estate

The Clergy (owned 10% of land, paid no taxes)

The Second Estate

The Nobility (owned 25% of land, held top gov jobs)

The Third Estate

The Commoners (98% of the population, paid all taxes)

Middle-class professionals (lawyers, doctors, merchants) within the Third Estate

Bourgeoisie

Four economic problems that led to the French Revolution

Bad harvests/famine, high bread prices, government debt, and unfair taxes

Why Louis XVI called the Estates-General in 1789

To solve the financial crisis and gain approval for new taxes

The Third Estate’s promise to not leave until they wrote a new constitution

Tennis Court Oath

Symbolic start of the French Revolution on July 14, 1789

Storming of the Bastille