THE REAL REAL FINAL ANATOMY

What are the 3 types of homeostatic balance?

Fluid, electrolyte, acid-balance

what systems regulate homeostatic balance?

Urinary, respiratory, digestive, integumentary, endocrine, nervous, cardiovascular, lymphatic

Two major fluid compartments?

ICF and ECF

What inhibits ADH?

Alcohol

What inhibits aldosterone?

Caffeine

What is dehydration?

Loss of water or water + solutes

What type of dehydration is caused by sweating?

Hypertonic

What type of dehydration is caused by hemmorage?

Isotonic

What is hypotonic hydration?

Excess water with normal sodium

What is edema?

Fluid accumulation in tissues

What is the main extra cellular cation?

Sodium

What hormone increases sodium reabsorption?

Aldosterone

What is hypernatremia?

too much sodium > water retention, hypertension, edema

What causes hyponatremia?

Usually excess water intake

What is the main intracellular cation?

Potassium

Why is potassium imbalance dangerous?

It affects membrane potential

What does hyperkalemia do?

Increase RMP (cells more excitable)

What does hypokalemia do?

Hyper polarized cells (less excitable)

What regulates calcium levels?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin

What does hypercalcemia cause?

Muscle weakness, arrhythmias

What does hypocalcemia cause?

Tetany (muscle spasms)

What determines pH?

Hydrogen ion concentration

What is an acid?

Releases H+

What is a base?

Accepts H+

What are the three buffer systems?

Bicarbonate, phosphate, protein

What is the most abundant buffer system?

Protein

What does CO2 do to pH?

Increases H+ to lower pH

What happens when CO2 is removed?

pH increases

How do kidneys regulate pH?

Secrete H+, reabsorb/generate HCO3

Normal survivable blood pH range?

6.8-7.8

What are key kidney functions?

Water and ion balance, pH, waste excretion, hormones

Functional unit of kidney?

Nephron

Parts of nephron?

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule

What does the glomerulus do?

Filters blood

What cells form filtration slits?

Podocytes

Three steps of urine formation

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion

What drives filtration?

Hydrostatic pressure

What size molecules pass freely?

< 3nm

Normal GFR

~120-125 mL/min

What regulates GFR?

Pressure, surface area, permeability

What drives most reabsorption?

Sodium transport

Where does most reabsorption occur?

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

What does ADH do?

Inserts aquaporins to increase water reabsorption

What does aldosterone do?

Increase sodium reabsorption

What is secreted into filtrate?

Drugs, H+, K+, wastes

Normal urine output/day?

1-2L

Normal urine pH?

4.5-8

What triggers urination?

Stretch receptors in bladder

Main digestion processes?

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

What controls digestion?

Enteric nervous system + reflexes

What enzymes are in saliva?

Salivary amylase + lingual lipase

Adult teeth count

32

What is chyme?

Semi-liquid food mixture

What die parietal cells secrete?

HCL + intrinsic factor

What do cheif cells secrete?

Pepsinogen

Only essential function of stomach

Intrinsic factor secretion (B12 absorption)

Three phases of gastric control

Cephalic, gastric, intestinal

Main liver functions?

Detox, bile production, storage

Gallbladder function

Stores and concentrates bile

What does the pancreas secrete?

Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate

Main function of the small intestine

Digestion + absorption

Structures that increase SA in the small intestine

Plicae circulares, villi, microvilli

Large intestine main function

Absorb water, form feces

What triggers defecation reflex?

Stretch of rectum

What is fluid composition mainly made of?

Water and electrolytes

What is hypertonic dehydration?

Water loss

What is isotonic dehydration?

Water + solute loss

Types of over hydration?

Hypotonic hydration, edema

Sodium’s main role?

RMP, AP, ECF cation, water balance

Daily sodium requirement?

0.5 g/day

How much sodium do we typically intake?

3-7 g/day

What is the main sodium regulator?

Aldosterone

What is aldosterone’s effect?

Increase Na+ reabsorption and increase K+ secretion

What are the other regulators of sodium?

ADH, ANP

Why are Na+ balances rare?

Water changes occur simultaneously

Potassium’s roles

RMP, AP, intracellular cation, protein synthesis

Where is K+ mainly located?

ICF

What is ALD’s effect on K+

Increase secretion

Functions of calcium

Bones, contraction, clotting, signaling

Where is phosphate concentrated?

ICF

Functions of phosphate?

ATP, nucleic acid, phospholipids

What does PTH do?

Causes phosphate excretion

Chloride main role?

HCL formation, ECF anion

Chloride imbalances causes

Acid base disturbance

strong vs weak acids

Strong fully ionize, weak partially ionize

Why is pH critical?

Enzymes and metabolism depend on it

How does the bicarbonate buffer system lower pH?

Releases H+

How does the bicarbonate buffer system raise pH?

Bind H+

Equation of phosphate buffer

H2PO4 <> HPO4 + H+

Why is the protein buffer effective?

Amino acid side groups bind/release H+

What increases ventilation?

Increase in CO2 decrease in pH

What decreases ventilation?

Decreased pH

Kidney pH mechanism

Secrete H+, reabsorb/generate HCO3

pH < 6.8 causes?

CNS depression, coma

pH > 7.8 causes?

CNS excitation, tetany

Kidney size?

11 × 6 × 3 cm

What is the location of the kidney?

Retroparitoneal

What are the layers of the kidney

Renal fascia, fat capsule, fibrous capsule

Number of nephrons per kidney

> 1 million

What are the parts of the nephron?

Corpuscle + tubule