physiology unit 1

what is physiology? 1 pt

the study of the biological processes occuring in the body allowing us as psychologiss to receive a more comprehensive understanding of cognitive processes, emotions, and behaviors that are all tied to physiological functioning

what is homeostasis? 1 pt

the body’s attempt to maitain a constant internal environment which requires constant monitoring and adjustments as the conditions change

what is the operational mechanism? 1 pt

the feedback loop

what are the requirements of homeostatic regulation? 3 pts

1. receptor

2. control/intergration centre

3. effector

what are some parameters that are controlled by homeostatic regulation? 9 pts

1. blood ph

2. blood glucose

3. heart rate

4. sleep duration

5. hydration levels

6. sleep duration

7. blood oxygen

8. body weight

9. cognitive functions

what systems are responsible for maintaining and regulating homeostasis? 2 pts

nervous and endocrine systems

what is the anatomical division of the CNS? 2 pts

1. brain

2. spinal cord

what is the anatomical division of the peripheral nervous system? 3 pts

1. nerves

2. ganglia

3. nerve endings

what is the functional division of the PNS neurone? 2 pts

1. afferent/sensory (input)

2. efferent/motor (output)

what is the function of somatic neurons? 1 pt

1. connects the brain and the spinal cord to the skeletal muscle

2. in charge of mostly voluntary movement

3. in charge of skeletal muscle reflexes

what is the function of autonomic neurons? 1 pt

1. neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord to the involuntary effectors

what are the involuntary effectors? 3 pts

1. glands

2. cardica muscle

3. smooth muscle

sympathetic vs parasympathetic branch? 2 pts

1. sympathetic - fight or flight

2. parasympathetic - rest and digest

function of the enteric system? 1 pt

targets the digestive tract

function of neurons? 1 pt

cells that process and transmit information through electrical impulses and chemical signals

functions of neuroglia/glial cells? 1 pt

cells that provide support to neurons

the different structures of the neuron and their functions? 6 pts

1. dendrites- receive signals from other neuron cells

2. cell body/soma- contains the cell nucleas

3. nucleus- contains the genetic material (chromosomes) of the neuron cell

4. axon- condcuts the electrical impulse along the neuron cell

5. myelin sheath- insulates the axon to help rotect the neuron cell and speed up transmission of electrical impulses

6. axon terminal- transmits electrical and chemical signals to other neuron cells and effector cells

what are polar neurons?

each side of the cell is different and has a specific function

what is the purpose of polarity? 1 pt

to ensure the transmission of the electric impulse is in one direction

what are unipolar neurons? 1 pt

neurons where only one projection emerges from the soma

what are pseudounipolar neurons? 1 pt

neurons where one projection emerges from the soma then branches into two sensory neurons

what are bipolar neurons? 1 pt

neurons where two porjections emerge from the soma in opposite directions; one axon and one dendrite

retinal cells

what are multipolar neurons? 1 pt

neurons where projections of one axon and multiple dendrites from the soma

what are the most abundant neuron cells in the cerebellum

purkinje cells (multipolar neurons)

what neuron cells are most abundant in the cortex?

pyramidal cells (multipolar neurons)

characteristics of sensory/afferent neurons? 3 pts

1. neurons with sensory receptors in their dendrites

2. usually pseudounipolar with the soma located in the peripheral ganglia

3. transmit information from the PNS to the CNS

characteristics of the interneurons? 3 pts

1. neurons from the CNS that receive information from sensory neurons and connect with another interneuron or motoneuron

2. usually multipolar

3. intergrate and relay information

characteristics of motoneurons/efferent neurons? 2 pts

1. neurons that conduct information away from the CNS towards the target effectors

2. usually multipolar

what glial cells are found in the CNS? 4 pts

1. astrocytes

2. oligodendrocytes

3. ependymal cells

4. microglia

what glial cells are found in the PNS? 2 pts

1. schwann cells

2. satellite cells

nutritional function of astrocytes? 3 pts

1. provide neurons with glucose. lactate and other metabolites

2. remove waste metabolites or cell debris from the area

3. release substances (trophic factors. cytokines) for nervous tissue maintainance and repair

synapse modulation function of astrocytes?

1. release gliotransmitters such as ATP

2. re uptake of neurotransmitters such as glutamate

3. regulation of extracellular levels of Cs and K critical for synpases and transmission of electrical impulses

protective function of astrocytes? 3 pts

1. provide physical support to neurons

2. surrounds the capillaries and blood vessels creating the BBB

3. regulates the diffucion of certain molecules, drugs, and nutrients from the blood to the extracellular space

astrocytes and the BBB?

BBB is the Blood Brain Barrier created by the astrocytes when they induce the formation of tight junctions between blood vessesl cells preventing the passage of substances

what happens when there is a BBB dysfunction? 3 pts

1. infections

2. inflammation

3. leakage of non-specific molecules from blood into brain

function of glial cells: oligodendrocytes

1. create the myelin sheath that supports and insulates the axon around several neuronal axons in the CNS

2. One oligodendrocyte can myelinate multiple axons

3. found in the CNS

4. linked to multiple sclerosis

what are the nodes of ranvier and their function? 2 pt

1. areas of the axon that are not covered by the myelin sheath

2. accelerate the impulse travelling along the axon

found in both oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

what is the cause of multiple sclerosis? 1 pt

demylenation caused by an autoimmune attack

function of glial cells: microglia? 7 pts

1. immune cells in the CNS

2. response to pathogens and damage

3. nurturer- clear debris, supports tissue repair, supports the survival of neurons, and restores homeostasis

4. sentinel- scan the microenvironment

5. activated/warrior- responds to damaga, supports cytokines and phagocytosis, and causes inflammation

6. participate in remodelling and pruning of the dendritic tree (learning and memory processes)

7. important for neurodegeneration and aging and activated in response to brain damage

function of glial cells: ependymal cells? 4 pts

1. form the ventricle walls (choroid plexus)

2. participate in the formation of CSF and its circulation

3. acts as precusors of brain cells

4. together with radial glial they can behave as stem cellsl and produce new neurons

composition of CSF? 3 pts

1. saline solution made of several salts and glucose

2. low proteins

3. no cells

functions of the CSF? 3 pts

1. mechanical support- cushioning and regulation of pressure

2. nutrient distribution- oxygen and glucose as well as waste recollection

3. elimination of waste from the SNC

what is the flow rate of CSF? 1 pt

secreted by the choroid plexus and reabsorbed by the arachnoid granuations sufficient to replennishh the entire CSF volume approx three times a day

where can we observe adult neurogenesis? 2 pts

1. subventricular zone of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus

2. granular zone of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus

function of PNS glial cells: schwann cells

1. myelinates the neurons found in the PNS

2. one schwann cell myelinates one section of the axon

3. linked to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

function of glial cells: satellite cells

1. wrap around nerve cells bodies located in ganglia formuing a capsule

2. support role in regulating the microenvirionment though it is not fully understood

3. found in the PNS and function similarly to astrocytes which are found in the CNS