cards 2

pt 2

Four main functions of management

Planning, Organizing, Leading & Motivating, Controlling.

Planning

Setting goals and deciding how to achieve them.

Organizing

Arranging resources and tasks to reach goals.

Leading & Motivating

Guiding people and giving reasons to work hard.

Controlling

Checking progress and making adjustments as needed.

Strategic planning

Broad goals for 1–5 years for the whole company.

Tactical planning

Specific goals for departments aimed for less than 1 year.

Operational planning

Day-to-day tasks for teams.

SWOT Analysis

A tool for strategic planning focusing on Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.

Departmentalization

Grouping jobs into departments for more efficient operations.

Centralization

Decisions are made at top management levels.

Decentralization

Decisions are distributed across lower levels within the organization.

Span of Management

Number of employees reporting to one manager.

Organizational Structure

Structure resulting from organization design; shows relationships, responsibilities, and authority.

Autocratic leadership style

Leader makes decisions alone.

Participative leadership style

Leader involves team members in decisions.

Laissez-faire leadership style

Leader allows team to work independently.

Key Skills for Managers

Conceptual, Technical, and Interpersonal skills needed at different management levels.

Managerial Decision Making

Steps include identifying problems, generating alternatives, evaluating options, and implementing solutions.

Top managers

CEO, president – strategic planning.

Middle managers

Department heads – tactical planning.

Front-line managers

team leaders – operational tasks.

Types of structure: Line structure

simple, clear chain of command.

Types of structure: Line-and-staff structure

combines line managers + staff specialists.

Matrix structure

cross-functional teams for projects → flexible & collaborative.