Anatomy and physiology 2 Exam 1

What are the components of Blood?

-Plasma (55%)

-Formed elements (45%)

-Erythrocytes

-Leukocytes

-Thrombocytes

Draw and label a test tube of spun down blood.

What is the function of hemoglobin?

-The main functional unit of the red blood cell.

-Carries oxygen.

Blood cells start off as ___ in cell development.

Hemocytoblast

Hemocytoblast split into two main groups; What are they?

Myeloid stem cells and Lymphoid stem cells.

Newly formed red blood cells that still contain remnants of the Endoplasmic Recticulum are known as ___.

Reticulocytes.

Monocytes differentiate into ___.

Macrophages.

What does the body make in low oxygen environment, such as high altitudes?

Erythropoietin (EPO)

What do Erythropoietin (EPO) do?

Triggers the production of erythrocytes in the red bone marrow.

What nutrient is needed to prevent pernicious anemia?

Vitamin b12

Hemoglobin is broken down into two parts, Heme and Globin. What happens to Globin after the break down?

Globin is further broken into amino acids and then metabolized by macrophages or released to the blood stream.

What are the two main groups of white blood cells?

-Granulocytes

-Agranulocytes

What are the three types of Granulocytes and there functions?

-Neutrophils: Phagocytic, first to arrive at site of infection.

-Eosinophils: Defends against parasites.

-Basophiles: Releases histamine and heparin, appear in

allergic tissues.

What are the two types of Agranulocytes and there functions?

-Monocytes: Releases chemokins to attract neutrophils, leaves blood to become macrophages.

-Lymphocytes: Composed of T, B, and NK cells, T cells are important for immunity, B cells produce antibodies.

What are the 4 major plasma proteins and there functions.

-Albumins: Osmotic Pressure

-Alpha/Beta Globulins: Transport of lipids and fats

-Fibrinogen: Blood Coagulation

-Gamma Globulins: Constitute Antibodies

What are 4, non-protein, nitrogenous substances?

-Urea

-Uric acid

-Amino Acids

-Creatine

What does the Spleen do?

Processes old red blood cells.

Youtube extrinsic and intrinsic clotting pathways.

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Which ion is critical for blood clotting?

Vitamin K

What is the primary insoluble protein in a clot?

Fibrin

What are the corresponding antigens per blood type? Antibody?

Type A: Surface antigen A, Anti-B

Type B: Surface antigen B, Anti-A

Type AB: Both surface antigen A&B, No Antibody

Type O: No surface antigen, Anti-A and B

What is the universal blood donor? repentant?

Donor: O

repentant: AB

Cause of Aplastic anemia

• Bone marrow damaged

• Toxic chemicals

• Radiation

Cause of Hemolytic anemia

• RBCs destroyed

• Toxic chemicals

Cause of Sickle cell anemia

• Abnormal shape of RBCs

• Defective gene

Cause of Iron Deficiency anemia

• Hemoglobin deficient

• Lack of iron

Cause of Pernicious anemia

• Excess of immature RBCs

• Inability to absorb B12

Cause of Thalassemia

• Hemoglobin deficient

• RBCs short-lived

• Defective gene

What are the 3 pericardial layers?

• Fibrous pericardium

• Visceral pericardium

• Parietal pericardium

What heart has 3 distinct layers, what are they?

-Epicardium (outer)

-Myocardium (mid)

-endocardium (inner)

What part of the heart is responsible for the pumping action?

myocardium

Coronary blood vessels are supplied from what vessel?

aorta

Which chamber of the heart is responsible for systemic systolic pressure?

LV - I am pretty sure its this one pg 559

LA

Which chamber of the heart is responsible for pulmonary systolic pressure?

RV I am pretty sure its this one pg 559

RA

Know the sequences of blood flow through the heart?

Know the sequence of conduction system component in the firing heart?

What are S1 heart sounds caused by?

S1 is caused by

• Occurs during ventricular contraction

• AV valves closing

What are S2 heart sounds caused by?

• Occurs during ventricular relaxation

• Semilunar valves closing

What is a murmur?

abnormal heart sound

Know the ECG?

• Recording of electrical changes in the myocardium

• Used to assess heart's ability to conduct impulses

• Most important features

• P wave, represent the depolarization (contraction) of the atria

• QRS complex represents the depolarization (contraction) of the

ventricles

• T wave, represents the re-polarization (relaxation) of the ventricles

after a contraction

• Re-polarization of the atria cannot be seen because

it happens at the same time the ventricles contract

(DRAW IT)

What do the waves in a normal ECG mean?

That the heart beat is normal?

Draw it

Know how diagnosed abnormal ECG?

Draw the abnormal ones

• Ventricular fibrillation

-Rapid, uncoordinated depolarization

of ventricles

• Tachycardia

- Rapid heartbeat

• Atrial flutter

- Rapid rate of atrial depolarization

Know the 3 major intake vessels for the right atrium?

inferior vena cava

superior vena cava

coronary sinus

Know the major layers of a blood vessels wall.

Endothelium - The inner layer of an artery

Tunica Media - The middle layer of an artery

Tunica Adventitia - The outer layer of an artery

What happens in capillaries?

• Sites of exchange of substances between blood and body cells

What is filtration ?

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What are Starling's forces?

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What are the resistance vessels ?

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How is blood pressure regulated ?

Dilating arterioles help regulate blood pressure

What is the major parasympathetic nerve to the heart?

Vagus nerve

What exactly causes blood to flow from one heart chamber to another?

pressure differential

What are the cardiac center and the vasomotor center?

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