Anatomy MSK - Cell Pathology

first response to tissue damage

alerts immune system

attempts to limit tissue

repairs tissues

What are the reasons that inflammation occurs?

immediate and rapid inflammation that occurs in a short time frame

What is acute inflammation?

innate

What part of the immune system is used during acute inflammation?

bacteria

pathogens

chemicals

trauma

radiation

What triggers an acute inflammatory response?

slow, persistent immune responses over a long time frame

What is chronic inflammation?

cell mediated immunity

What part of the immune system is used during chronic inflammation?

monocytes

macrophages

lymphocytes

What is chronic inflammation a response to?

calor

rubor

tumor

dolor

loss of function

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

calor

heat

rubor

redness

tumor

swelling

dalor

pain

dilation of arterioles, increase blood flow

What is redness during inflammation caused by?

increased chemical activity and increased blood flow to surface

What is heat during inflammation caused by?

caused by accumulation of blood and damaged tissue cells

What is swelling during inflammation caused by?

direct nerve injury

pressure on nerve endings

chemical irritants

What is pain during inflammation caused by?

increased swelling and pain

What is loss of function during inflammation caused by?

vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation

What happens first in the inflammatory response?

cells become more permeable, protein leakes out, edema occurs

What happens after vasodilation in the inflammatory response?

neutrophils begin phagocytosis and attach to endothelium and diapedesis occurs

What happens after edema in the inflammatory response?

chemotaxis

What happens after diapedesis in the inflammatory response?

diapedesis

neutrophils flatten and leave bloodstream

chemotaxis

neutrophils move up gradient towards infection

increase WBC and liver stimulated to produce c-reactive proteins to get rid of microbes

What happens after chemotaxis in the inflammatory response?

prostaglandins trigger pain release

What happens after the liver is stimulated in the inflammatory response?

cytokines

complements

kinins

histamines

leukotrienes

prostaglandins

What are the main chemicals of inflammation?

Cytokines

chemical substances that stimulate inflammation and recruit additional immune cells to the area (messengers, alert)

Complements

a number of different types of proteins found in the blood that opsonise, cause lysis, and attract phagocytes to invading pathogens

Kinins

Blood proteins that help inflammation, blood pressure control, coagulation, and pain

Histamines

Chemical substances released by the immune system in allergic reactions that are responsible for many of the symptoms of anaphylaxis, such as vasodilation (mast cells and cytokines)

Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins

• Impact margination (adherence along cell walls)

• Increase permeability locally for fluid and protein

passage (diapedesis)

• Facilitates exudate formation and neutrophil entrance to injured site

Reversible cell injury

cell injury with loss of cell function and structural changes occurs, the cell can revert to normal if stress is resolved

Irreversible cell injury

cell passes the "point of no return" and it can not recover if the stress is removed

healthy tissue

stress

cell injury

reversible or positive tissue adaptation

What is the tissue adaptation pathway for a reversible tissue adaptation?

healthy tissue

stress

persistent

maladaptation

may lead to cell death

What is the tissue adaptation pathway for a tissue adaptation that may lead to cell death?

Hyperplasia

increase in the number of cells

Hypertrophy

Increase in the volume of cells

Metaplasia

reversible change of one mature cell type to another

Dysplasia

excess cell growth, loss of normal cell structure can revert to normal or become malignant

chronic irritation

What is metaplasia a response to?

pathological

What type of tissue death is necrosis?

physiological or pathological

What type of tissue death is apoptosis?

external factor causes membrane to be damaged and cells swell

How does necrosis occur?

targeted programed cell death

How does apoptosis occur?

nucleus shrinks, leaks out, ruptures and gets absorbed into system

What happens when the cell swells during necrosis?

ligand binding

mitochondrial

What are the two pathways of apoptosis?

coagulative

liquefactive

gangrenous

caseous

What are the four types of necrosis?

DNA

What is damaged during apoptosis?

Hypoxia

infection

Chemicals and toxins

mechanical forces

trauma

radiatio

immune system

genetics

nutritional deficits

What are the factors that injure cells?

obstruction of airflow

inadequate transport of oxygen in lung or blood

inability of cell to use oxygen

What are different ways a cell may experience hypoxia?

inflammation

proliferation and migration

remodeling and maturation

What are the phases of healing after cell inury?