Biology final

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eye piece tube

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nose piece

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objective lens

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stage clips

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stage

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diaphragm

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light source/ illuminatior

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eye piece lens (10x)

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arm

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coarse focus

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fine focus

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base

resolution

ability to distinguish 2 objects

total magnification

eyepiece lens* objective lens

mm = ? microns

1mm = 1000 micron(micrometers)

definition of a true cell

A membrane bound structure that is able to complete protein synthesis to produce enzymes necessary for DNA replication

central dogma

DNA --transcription--> RNA --translation--> Proteins

DNA --> DNA

replication

coacervate

hydrophobic membrane that separates cell from surroundings

coacervation

the process of creating a coacervation

jump from chem evolution to bio evolution

coacervation

LUCA

last universal common ancestor

chemicals in reducing atmostphere

CH4, NH3, H2, H20 (vapor)

OIL RIG - electrons

oxidation is losing and reduction is gaining

What are the layers of the atmosphere in order from the surface?

Troposphere, ozone (O3), stratosphere

What percentage of UVA does ozone block?

5%

What percentage of UVB does ozone block?

95%

What percentage of UVC does ozone block?

100%

What gases were present in early Earth?

CH4, NH3, H2, H2O (vapor)

What energy sources contributed to the formation of organic molecules on early Earth?

Lightning and UV radiation

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides (CHO)

What are the building blocks of lipids?

Fatty acids (CHO)

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids (CHON)

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides (CHONP)

What process leads to the formation of complex organic molecules from simpler ones?

Dehydration synthesis

What is the term for the formation of organic molecules to early cell-like structures?

Coacervation

What is a protocell?

An early cell-like structure that may have led to the development of true cells

What are ribozymes?

RNA molecules that can catalyze chemical reactions

What is a true cell?

A fully functional and self-replicating cell

Stages of Evolution

1: organic monomer

2: organic polymer

3: protobionts

4: living cell

Miller-Urey Experiment

Experiment that found that organic molecules can form in a strongly reducing atmosphere - with the help of outside energy (electrodes)

why is RNA more accepted then protein as the first molecule?

because it can function as an enzyme and carry genetic code (ribozymes)

What is the first principle of cell theory?

All cells are composed of one or more cells.

What is the basic living unit of structure and function in organisms?

Cells.

Where do all cells come from?

Other cells.

tay sachs

A rare inherited disorder that destroys the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. Effects the lysosome so fatty acids do not get properly broken down

sickle cell

a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape

e disease

SA:V ratio

as cells increase in volume the proportionate amount of surface area decreases - determines split

Archaea membrane

ether linked

Bacteria membrane

ester linked

Eukarya Membrane

phospholipid bilayer

AARRGHO

Adapt, acquire energy, reproduce, respond to stimuli, grow, homeostasis, organized

adaptation

either physical or behavioral

acquire energy

either an autotroph (photosynthetic or chemiosynthesis) or a heterotroph (consume other organisms)

reproduction

asexual (exact copy) or sexual (genetic recombination)

grow

either by volume or number of a cell(s)

homeostasis

retain optimum conditions

organized

prokaryotic (no nucleus) or eukaryotic (has a nucleus)

order of life system from small to big

atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism/species, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

energy pyramid

producers --> primary consumers --> secondary consumers --> tertiary consumers --> , only 10% of energy transferred & 90% lost

archaea

domain, prokaryotic, unicellular, cell walls lack petidoglycan, extremophiles, asexual, genetically more like eukarya in variety of code

bacteria

domain, prokaryotic, unicellular, cell walls have petidoglycan, membrane --> fatty acids, prolific (found everywhere), lots of different species, asexual (binary fusion), sensitive to antibiotics

eukarya

domain, eukaryotic, uni or multicellular, includes diverse life forms, cell membrane --> contains phospholipids, sexual (meiosis/recombination) and asexual (mitosis/replacement)

prokaryotic

no nucleus, very small, always unicellular, no organelles, reproduce thru binary fusion (cell volume grows then splits - exact copy), circular DNA

eukaryotic

has a nucleus (DNA inside), has many membrane bound organelles (each have a specific function), mostly unicellular, bigger than prokaryotic, reproduce thru mitosis (replacement/growth) and meiosis (genetic recombination), linear DNA

Autotroph

mode of nutrition, ex: photosynthesis, chemiosmotic

heterotroph

mode of nutrition, consume other organisms

saprothroph/decomposer

breakdown and absorb other organisms

Protista

domain eukarya, complex single cell, some multicellular, absorb, photosynthesize, or ingest food

fungi

domain eukarya, some unicellular, most multicellular, absorb food

plantae

domain eukarya, multicellular, photosynthesize food

animalia

multicellular, ingest food

taxonomy order

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

organic molecules

always contain carbon and hydrogen, have 4 valence electrons

inorganic molecules

molecule lacking carbon-hydrogen bonds

the "big four"

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

carbohydrates

contain carbon, hydrogen,(2:1 ratio) and oxygen, serve as primary energy source, provide structural support,

lipids

hydrophobic molecules, mainly carbon and hydrogen, fats oils phospholipids and steroids, functions include long term energy, form cell membranes, act as signaling molecules, monomer: fatty acid, triglyceride: 3 fatty acid + glycose, phospholipid: phosphate + glycerol + fatty acid

proteins

perform various cellular functions dependent on structure, functions: enzymes - regulate metabolic pathways, structural support, cell communication, defend against disease, structure: primary - peptide bond, secondary - hydrogen, tertiary - R group bond, quotientary - R group bond (20 R groups)

nucleic acids

chains of monomers (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus), genetic information (DNA & RNA) or energy (ATP)

function of carbon in big 4

forms the backbone of all organic molecules, 4 covalent bonds allow for complex and diverse molecules

function of hydrogen in big 4

contributes to energy transfer, molecular stability, hydrogen bonding (molecular shape: DNA or protein)

function of oxygen in big 4

6 valence electrons, essential for metabolism (bc its a part of water), critical function group (-OH, C=O, -COOH)

function of nitrogen

integral for proteins and nucleic acids, regulate metabolic pathways, genetic info, energy

function of phosphorus

central to energy transfer (ATP), forms the backbone of DNA, part of phospholipids (selectivity)

function of sulfur

found in some amino acids (proteins), forms disulfide bonds that stabilize 30 protein structures, part of certain coenzymes and vitamins (rate)

monosaccharides

carbohydrate, pentose: 5 C ring, hexose: 6 C ring, Isomers: glucose, galactose, fructose, quick energy

disaccharides

2 monosaccharides covalently linked, not as quick energy - have to hydrate & break the bonds, examples: glucose + glucose = maltose, glucose + frucose = sucrose, glucose + galactose = lactose

polysaccharides

many monosaccharides covalently linked together, "complex carbohydrates", examples: starch - chains of glucose (energy, arranged the same, in plants), glycogen - chains of glucose (energy, arranged the same, in animals) cellulose - chains of glucose (structure, alternate oxygen in each monomer, in plants)

glycogen

important polysaccharide, liver stores glucose as glycogen, in between meals the liver releases glycogen into the bloodstream where it is hydrolyzed into glucose = energy

starch

found in plants (mostly in leaves), longer term energy

cellulose

plant cell walls - alternating up down position of oxygen that prevents it from being digested by humans (can't break it down, fiber), mammalia - found in exoskeleton, structural polysaccharides (due to alternating location of CH2OH)

lipid characteristics

contain more energy per gram compared to other biomolecules (bc of carbon-hydrogen bonds), energy storage, cushioning, insulation

oils

originate in plants, liquid at room temperature, unsaturated

fats

originate in animals, solid at room temperature, saturated

triglycerides

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids, nonpolar

emulsification

breaking down fats into tiny droplets to allow for mixing of a polar substance (water) with non-polar structure (lipid), mechanical: physical breakdown, mammalia --> chewing), chemical: enzymes - mammalia, (bile salts surround fat droplets allowing it to diffuse into cells of the digestive tract)

saturated fats

no double bonds, all carbons are "saturated" with H, animal source, solid at room temp

unsaturated fats

contain double bonds- "kinks", liquid at room temp, vegetable source