animal embryonic development ii, lecture 36
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29 Terms
embryogenesis
development and formation of the embryo
embryogenesis characteristics
cell divison
cellular differentiation
main stages of embryogenesis
germinal stage
gastrulation
neurulation
germinal stage includes…
fertilization
cleavage
blastulation
implantation
gastrulation involves…
set of cells near surface of blastula moving to interior, cell layers being established, beginnings of a digestive tube
blastula
hollow ball of cells
blastula turns into…
gastrula
gastrula
two or 3 layered embryo
germ layers
cell layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
orientation of embryo becomes set
less yolk, divides rapidly, forms embryo at animal pole
more yolk/nutrients, divides slowly at vegetal pole
animal pole
less yolk
divides rapidly
forms the embryo
vegetal pole
more yolk/nutrients
divides slowly
blastopore: early gastrulation
cells on dorsal side form indented crease
dorsal lip of blastopore: early gastrulation
cells spread out of animal hemisphere and roll inward over dorsal lip, eventually forming the 3 germ layers
blastocoel during mid-gastrulation
shrinks while archenteron grows
archenteron
narrow blind-ended tube
late gastrulation: 3 germ layers
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
ectoderm
cells in outer layer
mesoderm
cells in center
endoderm
cells in innermost layer
organ system Assoc. w/ ECTODERM
skin and skin glands
nervous system
pituitary gland
jaws and teeth
germ cells
organ systems assoc. w/ MESODERM
skeletal/muscular
circulatory and lympathic
excretory and reproductive
adrenal cortex
organ system assoc. w/ ENDODERM
epithelial lining of digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive tracts
thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands
organogenesis involves…
neurulation and development of other organs
neurulation
formation of brain and spinal cord
neurulation process
ectoderm forms neural plate
its cells change shape and curve inward
creates neural tube = becomes brain and spinal cord
human heart begins pumping at …
22 days
embryo
weeks 3-8
fetus
weeks 8-40