EXAM

What was the main aim of the Australian Civil Rights Movement after 1950? 

Achieve citizenship equality, land rights, equal wages, voting rights, and to end discriminatory laws and policies such as forced child removal.

What conditions did many Aboriginal Australians face in the 1950s? 

Severe discrimination such as segregation in public places, poor housing, limited or no access to education and healthcare, and low or unpaid wages. They were also excluded from basic rights and under unjust policies that restricted their freedoms.  

What was the Freedom Ride of February 1965? 

29 UOS students headed out on a 15-day bus tour of regional NSW. Began as a study to observe racial discrim but turned into active protests, challenging and exposing the mistreatment of AB, (banned from swimming pools and RSL clubs). As the ride continued, they were met with hostility, and some protests becoming violent. The ride ended up drawing major media attention as it showed the extent of racism in AUS.

What was the 1967 Referendum? 

Count the ATSI in the national census. The referendum would also allow the federal gov to legislate for the ATSI rather than leaving it up to state govs.

What was the Wave Hill Walk-Off (1966)? 

On 23 August 1966, about 200 Gurindji stockmen, domestic workers and their families began a strike at Wave Hill station in NT, led by Vincent Lingiari. Negotiations with the station owners (the international food company Vestey Brothers) broke down, leading to a nine-year dispute. It was a protest against the delay of the Equal Pay Act, poor pay and discriminatory conditions.

How did the Wave Hill Walk-Off contribute to land rights? 

The Gurindji leaders petitioned the governor general in 1967 for rights to the land, but they were refused. In 1973, the Whitlam government negotiated with the Vestey family to give a portion of the Wave Hill station land and in 1975 Prime Minister Gough Whitlam handed over 3300 km^2 of land to the Gurindji people. It also led to the 1976 Aboriginal Land Rights Act in the Northern Territory, which granted the Gurindji and other Aboriginal tribes to some of their traditional land. 

What was the Aboriginal Tent Embassy (1972)? 

Jan 26, four indigenous men set up a beach umbrella with a sign that read ‘Aboriginal Embassy’ on the lawns outside Parliament House in Canberra as protest of govs refusal to acknowlegde land rights.

Why was the Tent Embassy significant? 

Became a powerful symbol of Ind resistance. The term “embassy” was used to bring attention to the fact Aboriginal people had never given up land willingly or made any peace treaty with the British and that Aboriginal people were the only cultural group not represented with an embassy. It brought national and international media attention to the discrimination faced by Aboriginal people and put pressure on the government to address these issues. 

3 Reasons Why the AUS colonies united?

To increase economic growth via consistent taxes and removal of competition within the country, consistent laws and railways to allow flow of goods, and to have one uniform defence for protection rather than each state having their own militia with no power or consistency.

Main purposes of the Constitution

Est federal system of gov (DOP), creates and outlines the law making power of parliament, outlines structure of cw parliment with 2 houses + the crown, created the HC to solve disputes over the const, outline and protect ppls rights, and restrict the law making power of parliaments, also ensures parliamentary system is based upon parliamentary principles (principle of representative, responsible government, SOP).

AUS Parliamentry Principles

Representative democracy, constiutional monarchy (Kings power is limitied by the const), Divsion of power, SOP, Rule of Law, Responsible gov, and Bicameral parliament.

3 UN Roles

Maintaining international peace and security by preventing conflict, mediating disputes, and sending peacekeeping troops to war torn reigons. Promoting and protecting human rights by monitoring abuse, aiding marginalized groups, and holding nations accountable (sanctions, legal prosecution, etc). Help global development by providing aid, and promoting environ sustainablility by creating global goals and budgets.

Describe 3 international treaties that Australia is a party to & outline the purpose of each.

ICERD - Eliminating racicial discrimination and hate speech and promoting understanding among all races. UNESCO World Heritage convention - protecting the cultural and natural heritage around the world that has a universal value that must be preserved for generations. CEDAW - outlines what discrimination against women is and sets a national plan to end it.

3 Roles of The High Court

Outlining and limiting the law making power of parliament. Interpret the const by having 5 to 7 judges look at the written text and analysing the implications or deeper meainings, they also use this method to say that certains rights exist because they are implied in the const. Keep the const relevant by applying to modern situations such as allowing laws regulating radio because the const allows the regulation of “postal, telegraphic, telephonic, and similar services“.

Why is active citizenship important in a democratic society like Australia?

It ensures the government remains accountable, addresses the peoples needs, and creates a resillient, cohesive society.

World Trade Organisation and UN

WTO sets legal rules for international trade across goods, services, and ip, with the aim of opening markets and ensuring a fair and predictable global trading system. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, and supports global development.

Describe the importance of the separation of powers in Australia

SOP is a system of checks and balances. Each branch operates independently so another can keep them in check. For example the legislative branch branch passes a law violating the const or civil rights, the judiciary can strike it as unlawful. This way it prevents one branch from getting too powerful, becoming corrupt and/or abusing their power. It also enforces the rule of law by showing no one is above the law, not even officals or law makers.

Safeguards to Democracy

Electing gov at all levels so citizens have a say in decisions affecting everything from national defense to local garbage collection. Gov upholds and protects shared values like freedom, equality, and the rule of law which creates trust and social cohesion needed for democratic society. Right to dissent ensures that citizens can openly criticise the government without fearing punishment.

Threats to Democracy

Media bias misleads voters and skews facts, making it harder for people to make informed votes for who they truly align with, causing distrust in society and harm and division among voters. Corruption shifts power from citizens to elites and the wealthy. Lawlessness and organised crime shift power from the government to criminals by compromising governenments and law enforcement and often risk public saftey.

House of Reps vs Senate Responsibilities

House of Reps determine government and debate, discuss, and scrutinise proposals for creating and changing laws. The Senate represents the intrests of the states and initiate, discuss, and mainly review proposals as most laws commence in the lower house.

What is the name given to the document, created by the UN, which outlines the rights of every human being? Outline one of the articles/explain how it can improve and protect the rights of Australians with an example

The document is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). One of its articles, Article 26, states that everyone has the right to education. This protects Australians by supporting access to free public schooling, helping all children gain the knowledge and opportunities needed to succeed in life.

Federal Democracy

Power is divided between the 3 levels of government, w/ each level having its own responsibilities and areas of authority. Enforced through const and hc.

Liberal Democracy

The govs power is limited by the rule of law. It ensures the protection of individual liberties e.g. freedom of speech, religion, and assembly and protects the minority from being opressed by the majority. Lib democ is mainly upheld by the hc.

Who were the Big Four and their opinions on the TOV?

Clemenceau wanted revenge and to stop GRM from starting war again, Orlando was more concerned about territorial gains, Wilson wanted to implement a 14-point peace plan for EU, and Lloyd agreed with Wilson, but knew the British people would side with France so he tried to negotiate between them.

TOV Terms

Made to take 100 percent of the war guilt, made to pay 132 Million Gold Marks in reperations, army of 100,000, no navy or air force, loss of all overseas colonies and some of their own land

World Wide Depression

World economy was drained from spending on WW1. Britain was affected by the lack of trade due to GRM taking out 40 percent of merchant fleets and other countries imposing high tarriffs on imports to protect their own country.

Why did totalitarian regimes rise to power in the 1930s?

Many countries were facing serious economic and political problems. After WW1 nations such as GRM and ITL were struggling w/unemployment, poverty, and political instability. The only GD made conditions worse with a world wide economic crisis. Many people lost faith in democratic govs, and were drawn to strong leaders who promised stability, jobs and national pride. They used propaganda, fear and promises of economic recovery to gain support.

Life in Germany After the TOV

Life in GRM was hard. Due to the harsh reperations GRM was made to pay, the government printed more money for the debt, leading to severe hyperinflation. Money was worthless and the Great depression only made things harder, causing mass unemployment. The German people also felt humilated and resentment towards the Allied powers who were involved with the War Guilt clause, that forced the Germans to take 100 percent fault for WW1. Because of these hardships, the Nazi party was able to rise by showing strong promise for more jobs, economic stability and to restore German honor.

Big Threes Opinion on the LON

Britain wanted a simple organisation that only met during emergencies (not focused on peacemaking, only dealing w/issues after they occur instead of preventing them), FRN wanted a strong league w/an army able to enforce decisions (could provoke war/conflict), US wanted global parliament that met regularly to discuss matters affecting everyone (most effective but expensive and complicated).

Why Didn’t the US join the LON

Many of the US people didn’t want to be involved in foreign politics, more focused on isolationism. They also didn’t support the harsh conditions of the TOV, considering it unjust and therefore not wanting to join a league that supported it.

LON Success in the 1920’s

Had over 40,000 POW returned home. The slave commission freed 200,000 British owned slaves in Sierra-Leone and had raids against slave owners and traders in Burma.

LON in the 1930’s

Japan (already treated less than its white allies, not getting any of the land or reperations from the TOV and suffering from the lack of trading during the GD) invaded Manchuria, China in 1933. They falied the disarmament conference of 1932-34. They weren't able to stop the Italian invansion of Abyssinia.

Reasons for Failure

The LON lacked important countries such as Germany, and Russia. They were also slow at making decisions with no way of enforcing them. Any sanctions used were weak or ineffective. Most nations were also focused on self interest as they were struggling with economic instability caused by the Great Depression.

Appeasement Leading to Outbreak of WW2

It allowed for Hitler to bring back rearmament and conscription, leading to the army exceeding 100,000 and reaching around 1 mil instead. He also build back the airforce and navy. This was all violation of the TOV. In the Munich agreement of Sept 30th 1938, Britain and France appeased Hitler by allowing him to annex the Sudetenland of CS under the guise of not expanding GRM any furhter/taking more land. However Hitler soon took over the whole of CS and absorbed its well-equipped and trained army into his own and also took over their large munition factories. By the time western powers realised Hitler had become embolden and wasn't planning on stopping, he was to powerful to be stopped by sanctions or a warning.

Battle of France

10th May - 25th June 1940. GRM wanted to defeat France quickly to remove Britains main West EU ally and expand Nazi control across EU. France used the Maginot Line for trenchwarefare but GRM used the Blitzkrieg strategy to avoid it entirely.

Blitzkierg/Lightning Strategy

Fast moving suprise attacks with land and air attacks. They would break through a line of defence and encircle smaller sections.

Battle of Britain

JUL 10 - OCT 31 1940. GRM needed to take out the RAF. The RAF however had better radar tech that could detect up to 80 miles, allowing early warnings for raids and only scramble fighters when necessary. If British pilots were taken down, they could go and fly back the same day w/fuel readily available. GRMs however, would land in sea or on British land, becoming POW. They also had to fly back to GRM territory and refuel.

Significance of Battle of Britain

Proved GRM could be stopped and boosted British and Allied morales. It also kept Britain as a base for future attacks in EU.

The Battle of Stalingrad

AUG 1942 - FEB 1943. GRM wanted to gain oil and defeat communism. Had brutual urban fighting and GRM was left trapped by Soviet attacks. Harsh winter conditions. GRM ran out of supplies and surrendered in FEB.

D-Day (Normandy Battle)

JUN 6 - 25 AUG 1944. UK, US, and CAN troops secured footholds at 5 beaches within 48hrs and linked all into one continous front by 12th June. Allies liberated Paris on 25th AUG.

Pearl Harbour

7th Dec 1941. Suprise attack on US base in Hawaii. JAP wanted to prevent US interference in the Pacific, but led to US declaring war on JAP and then GRM declared war on the US in support of JAP.

Fall of Singapore

15th Feb 1942. SP had surrendered and led to massive amounts of British POWs. Also meant AUS being vunerable to attacks for the first time.

Darwin Bombing

19th Feb 1942. Killed 250 people and damaged infrastructure. Goal was neutralize it as a key Allied military base

Discrimination & Villification

Anti semite policies, boycotts, denial of citizenship rights. Acts inducing ridicule and contempt e.g. wave of violence against Jewish synangoges, businesses and homes ‘Kristallnacht‘ night of broken glass.

Why did JAP want to Catpure Port Moresby?

It was an Allied base and they wanted to cut shipping and air routes between the US and AUS. It would also be helpful for invading NA.

Landing on Kokoda 1942

AUS militia landed 15th JUL and JAP landed 21st.

Seperation & Extermination

Forming ghettos after Polish invasion 1939/small enclosed ares with walls and barbed wire (over crowded, water shut off, incr disease, starvation). Mass shootings, Jan 1942 Wansee conference with the Final Solution of extermination camps, forced labour and starvation until death and gassing followed by cremation.

Battle of Isurava

AUG 26th 1942. AUS got pushed back again, almost at Port M. Allied airmen dropped supplies but they got stuck or lost (stuck on canopies or fell off mts).

Final Allied Victory

In NOV AUS had retaken Kokoda village and by JAN 43’ they seized Bona and Gona beachheads which finally drove JAP away from PNG.

Papua Tribesmen aiding the Allied

Called fuzzy wuzzy angels. Worked as porters transporting food, carrying supplies during marches, and carrying wounded. Were vital guides in dense jungle.

National Security Act 1938 8th Sept

Allowed gov to censor media to boost morale and intern enemy aliens (JAP, GRM, AND ITL) in detention camps as they believed they threatened national security. Banned groups against war e.g. commie party.

1942 Directorate of Manpower

Gov focused on industrial and agricultural industries. Like conscription but for work. Annual leave was cut back.

Daily Life

Blackouts to avoid air raids and not complying = fines. 1942 gov brought national identity cards, intro’d daylight savings to save power, and rationing system in May with ration books that had coupons. Recycling was encouraged and veggie patches and chickens were common among families.

Men on the Home Front

3/4 of a mil (mainly men) enlisted. Many men weren’t allowed bc they worked in manufacturing or agriculture. Those who couldn't enlist joined Volunteer Defence Force.

Womans Role WW2 VS WW1

WW1 mainly knit socks, pack parcels, take care of home, raise money and encorage enlistment, none or restricted military involvement. WW2, encouraged to partake in military in vital non combat roles in the AWLA or WAAAF, entered manufac/industrial, and argricultural roles.

Women in the Army

From late 1940, women permitted and encouraged to join auxiliray military services. 350,00 served. Women Auxiliary AUS Air Force was est. in 1940 followed by navy. Women weren’t in combat or serving outside AUS unless they were nurses.

Women and War Effort

Over 200,000 women were employed mid 43’ to assist war efforts but paid only 2/3 of a mens rate. The womans land army was sent to assist the farm labour shortage. Over 3k women in the WLA. Volunteer groups such as AUS Womens National League continued traditional tasks for the war effort.

Explain how the Fall of Singapore in 1942 impacted Australia's international relations and defense strategy.

Shattered AUS reliance on Brit ‘Singapore Strat’ forcing shift to independent defence. PM John Curtin defied Churchill by recalling troops from the ME. This crisis permanently changed AUS internat relations away from GB and to new alliance w/US. The threat of invasion led to expansion of domestic conscrip and total economic mobilization.