10 FINAL STUFF FOR GEPAGRAPHY U JUST GOOT ADD THE POWER PONITS AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Research Project

A significant part of the course that includes a written component and a presentation, accounting for 20% of the final grade.

Behaviorism

A psychological theory that focuses on observable behaviors and the role of conditioning in learning.

Universal Grammar

A theory by Chomsky that suggests an innate language faculty in humans, allowing for the learning of language based on input.

Critical Age Hypothesis

The theory suggesting that there is a critical period for language acquisition, after which it becomes significantly harder to learn a language.

Exposure to Language

The process of interacting with a language in various forms to enhance learning and acquisition.

Inborn Ability

The innate capability humans have to acquire language, as proposed by theories of Universal Grammar.

Repetition and Imitation

Strategies often used in language learning where learners repeat after others to acquire proper pronunciation and grammar.

Learning vs Acquisition

Distinction where 'learning' refers to conscious knowledge of rules, whereas 'acquisition' refers to natural, subconscious language uptake.

Affective Factors

The emotional influences on language learning, such as anxiety and motivation.

Phonetics

The study of sounds in language, crucial for pronunciation and listening skills in language acquisition.

Theoretical Approaches

Various frameworks that provide different perspectives on how language is learned, including behaviorism and universal grammar.

Input Hypothesis

The idea that language acquisition is facilitated when learners are exposed to language input that is slightly above their current proficiency level.

Errors in Language Learning

Mistakes made by learners that reflect their understanding of language rules, which can provide insights into their learning process.

Language Variation

Differences in the way language is used based on various factors such as social, regional, and cultural influences.

Dialect

A variety of a language that is systematically different from other varieties in terms of accent, vocabulary, and grammar.

Accent

A way of pronouncing a language that is characteristic of a particular region or social group.

Slang

Informal language that often evolves quickly and can carry meanings that differ from standard language.

Mutual Comprehensibility

The ability of speakers of different dialects or languages to understand each other without prior study.

Lexical Variation

Differences in the words used to refer to the same object or concept across different dialects or regions.

Morphological Variation

Differences in the structure and formation of words within dialects, including the use of prefixes or inflections.

Syntactic Variation

Differences in sentence structure or grammar across dialects.

Discourse Variation

Variation in language use that occurs at the level of conversation or discourse, including response patterns.

Nonstandard Variety

A variation of language that does not conform to the accepted standards of grammar or usage, often associated with particular communities.

Standard American English

The widely accepted and used form of English in the United States, often seen as a 'neutral' dialect.

Sociopolitical Aspect

The relationship between language and social/political factors, which can influence the perception and classification of dialects.

Linguistic Perspective

A viewpoint that focuses on the structural and functional aspects of language and its varieties.

Language Contact

The interaction between speakers of different languages or dialects, leading to borrowing and the blending of linguistic features.

Creative Language

Language that evolves and incorporates new terms or structures, often seen in slang or emerging dialects.

Systematic Differences

Consistent and identifiable variations between dialects or languages, such as in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary.

English Language Borrowing

The process by which English has adopted vocabulary from other languages throughout its history.

Cultural Influence

The impact of cultural factors on language use and development, shaping dialects and language variation.

Comprehensible Input

Language that can be understood by learners and speakers, crucial for effective communication across dialects.

Social Linguistics

The branch of linguistics that studies the effect of social factors on language use.

Language Variation

Differences in language use based on social factors such as age, gender, class, and ethnicity.

Dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary.

Accent

A distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, often associated with a particular region or social class.

Slang

Informal language that may be specific to a particular group or context.

Universal Grammar

A theory proposed by Noam Chomsky suggesting that the ability to acquire language is innate to humans.

William Labov

A sociolinguist known for his studies on dialects and social class in language variation.

Changing Progress

How language naturally changes over time in relation to different age groups.

Age Grading

The phenomenon where individuals use language differently as they grow older.

Social Class

A division of a society based on social and economic status, often reflected in language use.

Social Network

The web of relationships among individuals that influences language use and change.

Sociolinguistic Variables

Features of language that vary among different social groups, such as pronunciation and vocabulary.

Gender Differences in Language

The study of how language use varies between different genders.

Linguistic Variables

Elements of language that can be measured and analyzed, such as pronunciation of certain sounds.

Empirical Study

Research that is based on observed and measured phenomena and derives knowledge from actual experience.

Informal Language

Language that is casual and conversational, often less structured than formal language.

Formal Language

Language that is more structured and used in professional or academic contexts.

Power Dynamics

The way power relationships affect communication and language use in a social context.

Nonbinary Gender

A gender identity that does not fit within the traditional binary of male and female.

Linguistic Identity

The way individuals use language to express their identity and social affiliation.

Language Bias

Prejudiced opinions or attitudes that affect language prescriptively, often based on social class or gender.

Dietary Energy Consumption

The amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in calories.

Cereal Grains

Grasses grown for their seeds which are harvested and consumed, such as wheat, rice, and corn.

Food Security

Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

Undernourishment

The level of dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life.

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

Agriculture that focuses on maximizing yield from small plots of land, often used in densely populated areas.

Plantation Farming

Commercial agriculture practiced primarily in developing regions, often involving transnational corporations growing a few crops for the world market.

Agribusiness

A system of commercial farming integrated into a large food production industry, found in developed countries.

Ranching

The commercial grazing of livestock over a large area, adapted to dry regions where soil is too poor to support crops.

Shifting Cultivation

Agricultural practice involving the slashing and burning of forests to clear land, followed by the cultivation of crops until soil fertility declines.

Desertification

The process by which land becomes increasingly arid and unproductive, often as a result of human activities like overgrazing and deforestation.

Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming

A type of agriculture where both crops and livestock are raised together, often utilized for symbiotic benefits.

Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming

Farming focused on growing fruits and vegetables, typically in areas with long growing seasons and proximity to urban markets.

Subsistence Farmers

Farmers that grow food primarily for their own consumption.

Commercial Farmers

Farmers that grow food for sale and profit.

Fallow Length

The period during which land is left unplanted to restore its fertility.

Intensifying Production

Increasing food supply by improving farming techniques and practices.

Esther's Theory

The proposition that subsistence farmers can increase food supply by shortening fallow periods.

Population Growth Impact

The effect of rising human numbers on agricultural demands and practices.

Shifting Cultivation

A method where farmers clear land, grow crops, and then leave the land fallow to regain fertility.

Natural Disasters in Farming

Events like droughts or floods that negatively affect agricultural output.