Last A/P Exam

Where does filtration of blood occur in the kidney?

Renal corpuscle

The renal corpuscle consists of which two structures?

Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule

What should normally NOT cross the filtration membrane?

Proteins and cells

Filtration in the glomerulus is primarily driven by?

Blood pressure

Which nephron segment reabsorbs most nutrients and water?

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

In the descending limb of the loop of Henle, what happens?

Water leaves

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, what happens?

Salt leaves

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct?

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Aldosterone primarily causes the kidneys to?

Save sodium

Which hormone increases calcium reabsorption?

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

ANP generally causes?

Less sodium reabsorption

The countercurrent multiplier occurs in the?

Loop of Henle

The vasa recta functions as the?

Countercurrent exchanger

Erythropoietin stimulates production of?

Red blood cells

The trigone is located in the?

Bladder

Protein in urine usually indicates?

Damage to the kidney filtration membrane

Spermatogenesis occurs in the?

Seminiferous tubules

The epididymis is responsible for?

Sperm maturation and storage

Seminal glands produce?

Fructose for sperm energy

The prostate gland mainly?

Activates sperm

The cremaster and dartos muscles regulate?

Testicular temperature

FSH primarily?

Stimulates follicle growth

The LH surge triggers?

Ovulation

The corpus luteum mainly secretes?

Progesterone

Estrogen during the uterine cycle mainly?

Builds the uterine lining

Progesterone prepares the uterus for?

Implantation

The stratum functionalis is?

Layer that sheds during menstruation

Spermatogenesis from one stem cell produces?

4 sperm

Oogenesis from one stem cell produces?

1 ovum plus polar bodies

Fertilization usually occurs in the?

Ampulla of the uterine tube

Capacitation refers to?

Sperm preparation for fertilization

Fusion of sperm and oocyte forms a?

Zygote

Correct early developmental order is?

Zygote → Morula → Blastocyst

The trophoblast eventually forms the?

Placenta

The inner cell mass becomes the?

Embryo

Implantation usually occurs about?

6–7 days after fertilization

Gastrulation forms?

Three germ layers

Which germ layer forms skin and nervous system?

Ectoderm

The embryonic period lasts?

Weeks 3–8

Limb buds appear during the?

Embryonic period

The fetal period primarily involves?

Growth and organ maturation

Surfactant production begins around?

Weeks 20–24

The foramen ovale allows blood flow from?

Right atrium to left atrium

The ductus arteriosus connects the?

Pulmonary trunk and aorta

The ductus venosus bypasses the?

Liver

The umbilical vein carries?

Oxygenated blood to the fetus

Labor is triggered mainly by?

Oxytocin and prostaglandins

First stage of labor is?

Dilation

Second stage of labor is?

Expulsion

Brown fat in newborns helps with?

Heat production