Sociology Chapter 1

The Interactionist Perspective

Generalizations about every day forms of social interaction in order to understand society as a whole.

Especially interested in shared understandings of every day behavior.

Who was the founder of the interactionist perspective?

George Herbert Mead 1863-1931

Patricia hill collins

Intersectionally the interlocking matrix of domination

Conflict perspective

Social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between groups over power or the allocation of resources

Conflict is not necessarily violent

social order is based on coercion and exploitation

Robert Merton

1968 distinction between manifest in latent functions

Dysfunctions

Refer to elements or processes of a society that may actually disrupt the social system to reduce the systems stability

Latent functions

Of institutions are unconscious or unintended functions that may reflect hidden purposes

Manifest functions

Of institutions are open stated and conscious functions

Functionalist perspective

Society is a living organism, in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival

Functionalist emphasize the way a society’s parts are structured to maintain a society’s stability

Talcott parson

1902 -1929. Harvard sociologists influenced by Durkheim. He saw society as a vast network of interconnected parts.

The three main theoretical perspectives

Functionalist

Conflict

Interactionist

Social capital

Collective benefit of social networks which are built on reciprocal trust

Cultural capital

Non-economic goods which are reflected in the knowledge of the language and the arts

Pierre Bourdieu

Believe that capital is not just material goods, but also culture and social assets

Capital. And it’s many Farms, sustains, individuals, and families from one generation to the next.

Micro sociology

Concentrates on small groups often through experimental means

Macro sociology

Concentrate on large scale, phenomena, or entire civilizations

Robert Merton

1910 -2003.

Combine theory and research

Emphasize that sociologists should strive to combine macro and Micro level approaches to studying society

Develop a theory on deviant behavior

Jane Addams

1860-1935

Combined intellectual inquiry, social Science work and political activism

Compound of the famous Chicago settlement Hull House

Charles Horton Cooley

1864-1929

Use sociological perspective to examine intimate, face-to-face groups, such as families, gangs, and friendship networks

WEB, Du Bois

1868-1963

Conducted research that he helped with assist in the struggle for a racially egalitarian society

Believe that knowledge was essential and combining pre-Judas and achieving tolerance and justice

coined the term double consciousness, the division of an individuals identity into two or more social realities

Karl Marx

1818-1883

Believed that society was divided between two classes that clash in pursuit of their own interests

Worked with Frederick Engels

Emphasize group, identification, and associations that influence one’s place in society

Max weber

1864-1920

Believe that behavior can only be fully understood by learning, the subject of meetings people attached to their actions

Taught his students to employ verstehen or insight in their work

Coined, ideal type constructed or made up model that helps evaluate actual cases

Emile Durkheim

1858-1917

insisted that behavior must be understood within a larger, social context

Concluded that religion reinforces a group solidarity

Herbert Spencer

1820-1903

Apply the concept of evolution other species to societies in order to explain how they change over time

Harriet Martineau

1802-1876

Studying social practices in Britain and the United States of America

Emphasize the impact of economy, law, trade health, and population on social problems

August’s Comte

1798-1857

Believe that theoretical science society, and the systematic investigation of behavior were needed to improve French society

Coined the term sociology

Theory

A set of statements at six to explain problems, actions, or behavior

Sociology

Study of behavior, groups, relationships in societies, also how societies are establish and how they change

C Wright mills

Coined the term, sociological imagination and awareness of the relationship between an individual and the water society both today, and in the past

Sociological imagination

an awareness of the relationship between individual in the water society both today and in the past

Sociological imagination allows

Go beyond personal experiences and observations to understand broader public issues

Looked beyond a limited understanding of things to see the world and its people in a new way, and through a broader lens

Science

The body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation

Natural science

The study of physical features of nature and the ways they interact and change

Social science

The study of various aspects of human Society

Emile Durkheim studied

The relationship between suicide and social factors, 1897

The feminist perspective

Any quality based on gender is central to all behavior, an organization allied with the conflict perspective

intersectionality

Interlocking of the metric domination created by Patricia Phil Collins

Queer theory

Scientific method

A systematic organize series of steps and shares maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem

1. The scientific method steps

1. Defining the problem

2. Reviewing the literature

3. Formulating a hypothesis

4. Selecting the research design, and then collecting and analyzing data

5. Developing the conclusion

Orientational

An explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow researchers to assess the concept

Researchers review the literature

Researchers examine the relevant scholarly studies and information in order to

1. Refined the problem understudy

2. Clarify, possible techniques to be used in collecting data

3. Eliminate or reduce avoidable mistakes

A hypothesis

A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more factors, known as variables

Variable

A measurable trait, or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions

Independent variable

The variable hypothesized to cause or influence the dependent variable

Dependent variable

The variable, whose action depends on the influence of the independent variable

Casual logic

Involves the relationship between A condition or variable, and a particular consequence

Correlation

Exist when is change in one variable coincides with a change in the other

A sample

A selection from a larger population, that is statistically representative of the population

Random sample

A sample in which every member of an entire population being studied has the same chance of being selected

Validity

The degree to which a Measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon understudy

Reliability

The extent to which a Measure produces consistent results

Control variable

A factor held consistent to test the relative impact of the independent variable

Research design

A detail plan or method for obtaining data scientifically

Service

A study generally, in the form of an interviewer or questionnaire that provides researchers with information about how people act and think

Interview

A survey type in which a researcher obtains information through face-to-face or telephone questioning

Questionnaire

A survey type that is printed or written to obtain information from respondent

Quantitative research

Data are collected and reported Primarily in numerical form

Observation

Direct participation in closely, watching a group or organization. The base of the technique is Ethnography

Experiment

An artificially created situation that allows the researcher to manipulate variables

Suicide altruistic

Give up your life for a cause

Suicide egoistic

Don’t care what the world thinks most frequent

Qualitative research

Is also using sociology, this relies on what scientists see in the field and naturalistic settings

Ethnography

Most common form of qualitative research the study of an entire social study through extended, systematic fieldwork

Experimental group

The group in an experiment that is exposed to an independent variable

Control group

The group in an experiment that is not exposed to an independent variable

Hawthorne effect

The unintended influence of observers, or experimenters on subjects of research who deviate from their typical behavior, because they realize that they are under observation

Secondary analysis

Refers to a variety of research techniques that make use of previously collected and publicly accessible information and data

Contant analysis

The systematic coding and objective recording a data, guided by some rational

Suicide anomic

In times of social crisis/chaos

Suicide fatalistic

You feel your life has been regulated to an intolerable extent

Anthropologie

Preindustrial culture past and present origins of civilization

Basic sociology

Six a more profound knowledge of the fundamental aspects of social phenomenon, contrasts with applied in clinical sociology

clinical sociology

Dedicated to altering social relationships as a family therapy or to restructuring social institutions

Applied sociology

Do you have the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of building practical applications for human behavior in organizations

Code of ethics, 1971

1. Maintain objectivity and integrity in research

2. Respect the peoples rights, dignity, and diversity

3. Protects subjects from personal harm

4. Preserve confidentiality

5. Seek information consent when data is collected from research, participants or when behavior occurs in a private context

6. Acknowledge, research, collaboration, and assistance

7. Disclose all sources