SCHOOL AGE

SCHOOL AGE

From 5 to 12 years

"latent time of growth"

*latent (growth is not obvious at this moment)

Characterized by slowing growth of the rate of growth and body changes occur gradually

Growth and Development in School Age

Weight, height

Body proportions

Body composition

Brain

Perceptual develpoment

Other systems

Psychosocial

2 to 2 ½ inches

are added to to height of the children every year

3-6 lbs

weight that added to the school age children every year

9-10

Male and female size are comparable until age

increase in foot size

an initial indication of onset of growth spurt

adult height

can be predicted from height during school years

13

average girl taller and heavier than the average boy by age

12 to 16

Male growth spurt begins between ——years old

leg growth

accounts for 66% of height increases until adolescence

body proportions

Improvement of posture can be observed

Face takes on more adult proportions

Permanent teeth except for 2nd and 3'd molars set in

more muscle tissues

Boys have —— than girls

double their strength

Both males and females

prone to injury (immature)

Muscles still

equal amounts of body fat

Both sexes accumulate ————provided they are not significant differences in eating habits

heart grows slowly

and is proportionally slower now than at other ages

legs, arms, and face

Bone growth is concentrated in

more flexibility

because of less firmly attached ligaments and more space between bones

ossification

is still in progress

10 or 12

Growth of head and brain slows down

Brain growth is essentially complete by

9 and 11

Normal 20/20 vision between —-

binocular vision

is established by age 6

colorblindness

may be found in higher percentage among boys than girls

otitis media

Hearing loss in kindergarten and first grade children due to

otitis media

has impact on language development

gastrointestinal system matures

fewer stomach upsets and greater stomach capacity

lungs

continue to grow, with less abdominal breathing Capacity of —- increases, respiration rate decreases

bowel and bladder

control is well established capacity of bladder is greater in girls than boys

industry vs inferiority

psychosocial development

nutritional requirements

PDRI (2015)

Basic energy and nutrient needs are the same

But quantities are increased due to greater needs

• Provide fuel for muscular activity

• Supply necessary chemical elements and compounds the child's body requires for growth and repair of worn-out

  tissues

• Give pleasure and satisfaction to the child

Functions of diet for the child

energy

requirement is determined by age, basal metabolism and activity

protein

• Higher requirement due to rapid growth

• Provide all the essential amino acids to cover maintenance needs besides needs for growth

fat soluble vitamins

High Vit.A requirement: due to high incidence of deficiency in this age group

water soluble vitamins

• Vit.C For formation and maintenance pf intercellular material

• Resistance against infectious diseases

electrolytes

Sodium/potassium - water balance

calcium, phosphorus

• Co-factors in proteins

• regulating muscle function

• blood clotting

• cellular energy expenditures

trace elements

iron: oxygen transport

zinc

• For energy metabolism

• Protein synthesis

• Growth and sexual maturation

fluids

•4-6 glasses or 1 to 1½ liters per day

balance

amounts of body building, energy giving, and regulating foods

variety

of foods, offered in amounts sufficient to satisfy appetite

milk

in other foods (custard, ice cream, cocoa drinks) because there is a tendency to decrease milk intake

Well-planned home packed lunches/school lunches

should furnish at least 1/3 of child's daily food requirements

Nutritious snacks

children’s food and meal patterns

Usually increase the amount they eat

More varieties of food that they accept

May reject vegetables and mixed dishes

Accept raw vegetables more readily than cooked ones, but in limited amount only

Sweetness and familiarity influence food preferences

inadequate meals, poor appetite, sweet tooth, dental carries

feeding problems

inadequate meals

• Breakfast (1/3 or ¼ of daily requirement) is often missed

• Lunch swapping

• Recommendation: Allow sufficient time for meals (awakening early enough for breakfast and requiring certain amount of time in the table)

• Appetizing meals, variety - to avoid swapping

poor appetite

• Too demanding school work, too tiring extra-curricular activities, excitement of new experiences outside the home

• Poor eating practice

• Recommendation: balanced program of class work, play and rest

sweet tooth

• Sweets can depress the appetite

• Causes tooth decay

• Recommendation: sweets should not be taken near meal times

• Oral hygienic measures

dental caries

• Too much consumption of sucrose (cariogenic)

• Snacking at bedtime

• Reduction of flow of saliva at night reduces natural cleansing and permits caries

• Recommendation: decrease consumption of sucrose-containing foods

• Use of fluoride

• Diet control