PATHO CH 32

bs-the pharcyde

cholelithiasis

presence of stones in the gallbladder itself. s/s include abdominal pain, jaundice, heartburn, and food intolerance (fats, cabbage, etc). high risk in those over 40, obese individuals, those of child bearing age, and females. can show distention of gallbladder, ischemia, necrosis, and perforation.

cholecystitis

inflammation of gallbladder, usually from gallstone stuck in cystic duct. s/s include severe abdominal pain, fever, increased WBCs, and rebound tenderness. risks include being female, over 40, obese, having a high calorie intake, and using oral contraceptives. shows colicky pain after eating that may radiate to the right scapula, anorexia/satiation, and a positive murphy’s sign.

biliary sludge

a precursor to gallstones; a combination of bile acids, bile pigments, and cholesterol.

biliary stasis

delayed emptying of the gallbladder that can cause stone formation

cholagitis

inflammation of the bile ducts; usually via stones that cause inflammation and obstruction.

choledocholithiasis

presence of stones in the common cystic duct; can cause backup of bile into the gallbladder and the liver and can lead to hepatic dysfunction

biliary colic

pain due to gallbladder irritation. a steady and intense pain that lasts for 30 min-several hours. shows nausea/vomiting and RUQ pain. pain may radiate to scapula or right flank, and may be incited by fatty foods. shows a positive murphy’s sign.

acute pancreatitis

dysfunctional pancreas undergoes inflammation and cellular injury. commonly via alcoholism or biliary tract obstruction via stones. this causes blockage of pancreatic enzyme outflow which leads to enzymes “auto digesting” the pancreas (eating away at it) and the leakage of these enzymes into the glandular parenchyma. s/s include sudden severe abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, decreased bowel sounds, abdominal tenderness/guarding/distention, cullen sign (discoloration around belly button), and grey turner syndrome (discoloration around flanks). may also show diaphoresis, jaundice, and hyperglycemia.

pancreatic cancer

tumor on pancreas that may compromise the bile duct, leading to bile backup and jaundice. 4th most common cancer. risks include cig smoking, obesity, diabetes, chronic pancreatitis, and consumption of nitrites. s/s include vague back pain that worsens in supine position, nausea/vomiting, anorexia, jaundice, pruritis, steatorrhea, and weight loss.