Behavior Modification Test 2

In which DRO variation is the reinforcer delivered when the problem behavior is absent at the end of the interval?

a) whole-interval DRO

b) spaced-responding DRO

c) partial DRO

d) momentary DRO

d) momentary DRO

A teacher is working with a student to help him improve his public speaking skills. The teacher has the student practice his speech in the room where he will be giving it to the rest of the class. Which strategy for promoting generalization utilizes some aspect of the target situation during training?

a) teaching a range of functionally equivalent responses

b) incorporating self generated mediators of generalization

c) incorporating common stimuli

d) modifying natural contingencies of reinforcement and punishment

c) incorporating common stimuli

Rehearsing the behavior is an important part of behavioral skills training because it:

a) demonstrates whether the learner has learned the behavior

b) provides the chance for reinforcement

c)provides the opportunity to correct errors

d) all of these

d) all of these

If I teach Andy to answer questions in not just B-mod but in all of his classes, then i am doing (blank)

a) maintenance

b) general case programing

c) stimulus discrimination training

d) intermittent reinforcement

b) general case programing

Extinction involves:

a) providing negative reinforcers for the behavior

b) providing punishers for the behavior

c) withholding the reinforcer for the behavior

d) A and C

c) withholding the reinforcer for the behavior

Which of the following is NOT a type of differential reinforcement?

a) DRO

b) DRA

c) DRL

d) DRB

d) DRB

Cindy bites her nails but wants to stop. The behavior she wants to change (biting her nails) is called the:

a) negative behavior

b) target behavior

c) controlling behavior

d) independent variable

b) target behavior

 You decide that you want to teach your child how to kick a soccer ball. However, your child has this whole thing going on in which they don’t want you to tell them what to do. So, you decide that you will use shaping to get them to kick a soccer ball well. At first, you provide praise/reinforcement for any contact between the child’s foot and the ball. You then only provide praise/reinforcement when their foot contacts the ball and they are looking at the ball (you’d be amazed that you can’t take this for granted in children). You then step it up by only providing reinforcement if they kick the ball with their non-kicking foot being next to the ball when they kick it… etc… Clearly, this process is a type of __________ conditioning.
a. operant
b. differential
c. chaining
d. respondent

a. operant

If I am applying Extinction, what makes an extinction burst less likely?
a. Using an abolishing operation regarding the reinforcer for the problem behavior.
b. Give the person the reinforcer that was reinforcing the problem behavior ahead of time.
c. Using differential reinforcement.
d. A and B.
e. All of the above.

e. All of the above.

The identification of antecedent events that evoke a behavior and reinforcing consequences that maintain a behavior is referred to as:
a. direct observation
b. functional analysis
c. experimental manipulation
d. functional assessment

d. functional assessment

In order for prompting and fading to lead to stimulus control, the prompts must be presented in the presence of:
a. the target behavior
b. the discriminative stimulus
c. the S-delta
d. the reinforcer

b. the discriminative stimulus

Tony’s basketball coach just put him into the game, but Tony does not know which player on the opposing team he is supposed to guard on defense. The coach points to the player that Tony is to guard. This is an example of a __________ prompt.
a. modeling
b. physical
c. gestural
d. stimulus

c. gestural

If I am using an Antecedent Intervention to increase my eating of healthier foods (but also not eat a lot), what real Antecedent Intervention Strategy have I done if I went to work with a bag of Pistachios in Shells?
a. Induced an extinction of the competing behavior.
b. Used an establishing operation for the competing behavior.
c. Increased the response effort for the desirable behavior.
d. Presented the SD for desirable behavior.

 

d. Presented the SD for desirable behavior.

Which of the following questions could be asked in an indirect functional assessment method to obtain information about the antecedents of the behavior?
a. when does the behavior occur
b. what happens after the behavior
c. what events precede the behavior
d. A and C

d. A and C

In shaping, the steps that are used on the way to developing the target behavior are referred to as:
a. tasks
b. behavior gradients
c. successive approximations
d. intervals

 

c. successive approximations

What is the result if the problem behavior occurs during the DRO interval?
a. the reinforcer is delivered
b. the interval length is increased
c. the interval for the reinforcer is reset
d. B and C

c. the interval for the reinforcer is reset

If I am using the constructional approach with Horschach, __________.
a. he will first raise his hand to questions with one student present and then build up to many students present.
b. I will make sure that I build up the quality and quantity of reinforcement that he gets.
c. he will learn multiple ways to raise his hand quietly to get Mr. Kotter’s attention.
d. I will use shaping to gradually build a proper way for him to raise his hand.

c. he will learn multiple ways to raise his hand quietly to get Mr. Kotter’s attention.

When you are trying to fade down to lower level prompts when working with a child with autism, which prompting step do we replace with identity matching?
a. modeling prompts
b. gestural prompts
c. physical guidance prompts
d. verbal prompts

a. modeling prompts

Which of the following is a guideline for using chaining?
a. choose an appropriate chaining procedure
b. develop a task analysis
c. use intermittent reinforcement when training is started
d. a and b

d. a and b

So, I have a 10 month old baby who loves oatmeal (yuck!). She tends to stick her face right into it and chow down. As you might imagine, this is not the cleanest eating procedure. You decide that she is ready to learn the fairly easy task of eating oatmeal with a spoon (and this is far better than the current alternative). So, which type of chaining procedure should you use?

a. Backward chaining is far better for this situation.
b. It doesn’t make a difference.
c. Forward chaining is far better for this situation.
d. Total Task Presentation is far better for this situation.

b. It doesn’t make a difference.

A coach has a 7 year old soccer player who he wants to teach how to pass a soccer ball to a teammate. The SD is the soccer ball and a teammate standing 10 yards away. The coach tries to reinforce the young soccer player for getting his placement foot closer and closer to the side of the ball while also trying to reinforce the kid for contacting the soccer ball with the inside of his other foot. The coach clearly forgot that
a. prompting is a more preferred procedure than shaping.
b. shaping only works if the behavior is modeled first.
c. differential reinforcement fading is necessary to make sure that the child is not dependent on the coach to pass the soccer ball.
d. shaping can only be done with simple, single action behavior.

a. prompting is a more preferred procedure than shaping.

Jerry is a professional football player who injured his knee while running during a game. Jerry has had surgery and his knee is fully healed, but he is afraid to put pressure on it because he doesn’t want to re-injure it. The trainer implements a plan in which he first differentially reinforces standing, then walking, then jogging, and finally running at full speed. This is an example of using shaping to:
a. reinstate a previous behavior
b. change a dimension of an existing behavior
c. generate a novel behavior
d. increase an existing behavior

a. reinstate a previous behavior

Differential reinforcement of a low probability behavior with the opportunity to engage in a high probability behavior is referred to as:
a. conditioning
b. characteristics of the consequence
c. an establishing operation
d. the Premack principle

d. the Premack principle

When using a behavioral chain, a(an) __________ makes the outcome of the chain more reinforcing.
a. prompt
b. establishing operation
c. larger number of component behaviors
d. discriminative stimulus

b. establishing operation

Which of the following is a guideline for using prompting and transfer of stimulus control correctly?
a. present the discriminative stimulus and the appropriate prompt
b. transfer stimulus control to the natural discriminative stimulus
c. reinforce the correct behavior
d. all of these

 

d. all of these

Direct observation and indirect methods of functional assessment are used to:
a. develop a hypothesis about antecedents and consequences of a behavior
b. manipulate antecedents and consequences of a behavior
c. gather information on the three-term contingency
d. A and C

d. A and C

Which of the following is(are) involved in the process of learning language?
a. reinforcement
b. successive approximations
c. extinction
d. all of these

d. all of these

Brad doesn’t smell particularly good. Apparently he has a strong aversion to the use of commercial soap (this is actually a true story). What is the first thing that you should do?

a. Conduct a functional assessment and try to implement a functional intervention.

b. Punish him by spraying him with a soapy water mix to decrease his coming to work smelling bad.

c. Put him in timeout until he says that he is willing to take a shower.

d. Negatively reinforce him by taking away his Lamborghini Aventador.

a. Conduct a functional assessment and try to implement a functional intervention.

So, I identified a problem behavior. I did a functional assessment. I chose an intervention that uses what I learned from the functional assessment. When I tried the treatment, it didn’t work. What should I do next?

a. Do a new functional assessment.

b. Check if I did the treatment correctly.

c. Choose a different problem to focus on.

d. Always in this situation, switch to DRO.

 

b. Check if I did the treatment correctly.

Which of the following is not true?

a. In respondent conditioning, we use fading to transfer stimulus control to the discriminative stimulus.

b. As a result of respondent conditioning, I say calm to myself and this elicits a feeling of relaxation.

c. Because I am using prompting, in the long run, I won’t need my clinician to say “calm yourself” to me.

d. A prompt guides a response that is emitted.

In respondent conditioning, we use fading to transfer stimulus control to the discriminative stimulus.

A teacher used prompting in order to get a student to pronounce written words correctly. When the student begins pronouncing the words correctly just by seeing them, the teacher begins to remove the prompts. The gradual removal of prompts while the behavior is occurring in the presence of the discriminative stimulus is called:

a. prompt withdrawal

b. shaping

c. fading

d. reduction

c. fading

The strategy for promoting generalization that uses self-instructions as a cue to engage in the appropriate behavior is referred to as:

a. incorporating a variety of relevant stimulus situations in training

b. training skills that contact natural contingencies of reinforcement

c. incorporating self-generated mediators of generalization

d. teaching a range of functionally equivalent responses

c. incorporating self-generated mediators of generalization

Which of the following is true concerning the similarities between forward and backward chaining and total task presentation?

a. all are used to teach chains of behaviors

b. all require completion of a task analysis

c. all involve the use of prompting and fading

d. all of these

d. all of these

Paul’s shop teacher is teaching him how to use an electric sander. The shop teacher places his hands over Paul’s and guides Paul through the correct motions. Hand-over-hand guidance is an example of a ____ prompt.

a. gestural

b. modeling

c. physical

d. extra-stimulus

c. physical

Andrew just got a new puppy, and his Mom is going to use a chaining procedure to teach Andrew all the steps involved in feeding the puppy. If his Mom teaches him the last behavior in the chain first and then teaches him each previous behavior she would be using:

a. forward chaining

b. total task presentation

c. backward chaining

d. B and C

c. backward chaining

Which of the following is recorded when using direct observation methods to conduct a functional assessment?

a. behaviors

b. consequences

c. antecedents

d. all of these

d. all of these

Which of the following is referred to as a descriptive assessment, due to the fact that antecedents and consequences are described rather than manipulated?

a. indirect methods

b. direct observation

c. experimental analysis

d. A and B

 

d. A and B

Timmy swears whenever his mom makes broccoli for dinner because he strongly dislikes broccoli. Timmy’s mom always sends him to his room without dinner when he swears. As a result, Timmy is more likely to swear when his mom makes broccoli. This is an example of:

a. positive reinforcement

b. punishment

c. negative reinforcement

d. extinction

c. negative reinforcement

Bridget wants to give you instructions on how to make her famous Coconut Layer cake? Why is she likely to be successful with you?

a. She provides a good rationale for why certain ingredients go together.

b. She has high credibility.

c. She always uses a feedback sandwich.

d. A and B.

e. All of the above.

d. A and B.

A teacher is working with a child who frequently engages in fighting with other children on the playground. The teacher observes and records the events that immediately precede and follow the child's behavior of fighting. Which method of conducting a functional assessment is the teacher using?

a. functional analysis

b. direct observation

c.indirect methods

d. experimental manipulation

b. direct observation

How is chaining different than shaping?

a. In chaining, prompts are permanent while they are temporary in shaping.

b. Chaining puts together a number of behaviors to be learned while shaping has a goal of one final behavior.

c. In chaining, order of behaviors is not important while shaping requires the same set of behaviors each time.

d. Chaining uses Extinction while Shaping utilizes Prompts.

b. Chaining puts together a number of behaviors to be learned while shaping has a goal of one final behavior.

Which of the following is(are) true concerning an extinction burst?

a. the behavior eventually decreases in frequency, duration, and intensity if extinction is maintained.

b. novel and emotional behaviors may occur

c. it is a permanent change in behavior

d. A and B

d. A and B

Quantitative shaping matches up well with what type of research design?

a. Changing criterion design

b. Multiple Baseline design

c. Alternating treatments design

d. Differential Reinforcement design

a. Changing criterion design

Which of the following would be specifically good "Maintenance" strategies so that Horschach raises his hand properly in school for long after he has finished working with his counselor?

a. Switch from reinforcing his behavior with cookies or tokens to reinforcing with natural controls like praise and classroom privileges.

b. Include books from Mr. Kotter's classroom in his training sessions.

c. Intermittent Reinforcement.

d. A and C.

e. All of the above.

d. A and C.

Matthew's baseball coach is helping him improve his hitting. During practice the coach has the pitcher throw fast balls, curve balls, and sliders so that Matthew experiences a variety of pitches, and will be more likely to hit the ball successfully during a game. Which strategy for promoting generalization is the coach using?

a. incorporating a variety of relevant stimulus situations in training

b.teaching a range of functionally equivalent responses c. reinforcing occurrences of generalization

d. incorporating self-generated mediators of generalization

a. incorporating a variety of relevant stimulus situations in training

A response before the end of the interval resets the interval

a. for interval DRL.

b. only for spaced responding DRL.

c. only for DRO.

d. for both spaced responding DRL and DRO.

d. for both spaced responding DRL and DRO.

A student in a B-mod class has a pet dog. When she takes the dog for a walk, he literally tries to play with anything he sees (sticks, old coke cans, a dirty sock?). The student really wants the dog to not do this constantly during the walks. Her functional assessment reveals that the dog is very hyper and looking for stuff to do before the walk starts. Clearly the grabbing of items during the walk is highly reinforcing. If the student were to play with the dog before the walk with lots of dog toys, sticks, etc. thus having the dog already experience the play experience reinforcement, this would be ____________.

a. DRI

b. applying Extinction.

c. DRO

d. providing non-contingent reinforcement.

d. providing noncontingent reinforcement.

Extinction should only be implemented when:

a. it is unsafe to eliminate the reinforcer

b. punishment has been ineffective

c. the change agent controls the reinforcer

d. all of these

 

c. the change agent controls the reinforcer

What have mirror neurons been found to explain?

a. The mechanism of how we learn from modeled behavior.

b. The mechanism of how derived relational responding leads to generalization.

c. The mechanism of how we respond to punishment.

d. The mechanism of how we respond to reinforcement.

a. The mechanism of how we learn from modeled behavior.

Paul wants to increase the amount of time he studies, but is having trouble because he usually ends up playing his favorite video game instead. Paul has his roommate hide the game so that, if he wants to play the game instead of studying, he will first have to spend a lot of time looking for it. This is an example of ____________ for competing behaviors.

a. eliminating establishing operations

b. arranging establishing operations

c. decreasing response cost

d. increasing response effort

d. increasing response effort

A desirable behavior may NOT be occurring for all of the following reasons except:

a. the behavior is not immediately reinforced when it occurs

b. the behavior involves an increased response effort

c. the behavior is negatively reinforced when it does occur

d. competing behavior interferes with its occurrence

 

c. the behavior is negatively reinforced when it does occur

When Shohei’s dog Decoy wants to be let out into the yard, he barks until he is let out. Given the busy and loud nature of his day job (all of those screaming fans), he teaches the dog to instead grab a string attached to soothing wind chimes when he wants out (and then only lets him out at those times). Sounds like Shohei has been using ____________ with Decoy.

a. manipulation of motivating operations

b. DRC

c. DRO

d. respondent conditioning

 

b. DRC

I have a 7 year old soccer player. When he gets the ball, he immediately kicks it far away which is not a practical skill especially when there is time to control the soccer ball. So, I want him to instead of kicking the ball away, dribble it up field (maybe even eventually learn to use soccer fakes). If I make a plan ahead of time to reinforce him for tapping the ball lightly once before kicking it, then later twice, then later 3 times and at a later he can incorporate fakes, I will have

a. done a situational inducement

b. set up a high probability instructional sequence.

c. done programming for success.

d. A & B

e. All of the above.

e. All of the above.

What is an EO?

a. Effective Outcome

b. Establishing Operation

c. Escape Operation

d. Extinction Operation

 

b. Establishing Operation

Which of the following is NOT a guideline involved in shaping?

a. identifying the starting behavior

b. choosing the shaping steps

c. choosing the reinforcer

d. choosing the discriminative stimulus

 

d. choosing the discriminative stimulus

What is the official definition of Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior?

a. Reinforcing something immediately besides the target behavior

b. Reinforcing several behaviors at the same time

c. Reinforcing zero rate of the target behavior

d. All of the above

c. Reinforcing zero rate of the target behavior

Which of the following is not a supplemental stimuli?

a. When my son points at me, at the garbage, and the front door when I come home from work on garbage day.

b. When I leave myself a note to take out the garbage on garbage day.

c. When my son says, “please take out the garbage?” when I come home from work on garbage day.

d. When I leave the garbage can out by the front door on garbage day.

d. When I leave the garbage can out by the front door on garbage day

Which of the following is NOT a method of transferring stimulus control?

a. prompt fading

b. prompt satiation

c. prompt delay

d. stimulus fading

b. prompt satiation

So… I got a nice refund on my taxes. I decided to use the money to buy a huge cat tower. And I mean… huge!!! I put it together on my screen porch (it’s too big to fit inside my house). I brought Peanut out there and said, “Climb up the cat tower.” And he jumped on my leg (not what I was looking for). Given it was so big, I climbed up the cat tower… He didn’t follow me :( I tried pointing at the cat tower and even trying to push him over there… nothing! What should I do?

a. Reinforce with shaping since instructions, modeling, and prompting aren’t working.

b. Reinforce Peanut for getting closer to the cat tower, touching the tower, eventually motions up the tower.

c. Switch to backward chaining so Peanut will be more motivated.

d. A and B.

e. All of the above.

d. A and B.

If I am looking at response effort, frequency, duration, and intensity, then I must be focusing on

a. the antecedents of behavior.

b. the consequences of behavior.

c. aspects of the behavior of interest.

d. the function of behavior.

 

c. aspects of the behavior of interest.

If I am trying to decide if chaining is the right procedure to get my 7 year old child to clean his room, I need to figure out if I have ____________.

a. a can’t do versus won’t do issue.

b. an available unconditioned stimulus.

c. an easy or hard task.

d. at least one stimulus and one response.

a. a can’t do versus won’t do issue.

Antecedent control procedures are said to be ____________ because they are based on information gathered through functional assessment, and involve altering the environmental variables that control a behavior.

a. complex

b. experimental

c. functional

d. environmental

c. functional

A teacher shows students a film demonstrating what they should do in case of a fire. Which component of behavioral skills training involves demonstrating the correct behavior for the learner?

a. rehearsal

b. instruction

c. modeling

d. feedback

 

c. modeling