A&P 1 Lecture Final Exam

cell membrane

the barrier of a cell, that separates the extracellular fluid and the intercellular fluid, and only allows certain materials to go in and out of the cell

passive transport

the process of a particle moving across a membrane that does not need energy to move, certain compounds lacking a charge (O2, N2, H2O, and CO2)

active transport

the process of moving particles across the membrane against the concentration gradient with energy, compounds that have a charge (H+, K+, or Na+) cannot move easily and need help with energy.

simple diffusion

a type of passive transport that small non-polar substances with move down the concentration gradient (high to low)

facilitated diffusion

a process of diffusion that takes place with the help of proteins such as channel proteins (less selective) or carrier proteins (more selective).

osmosis

the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, occurs whenever the water concentration differs on the two sides of the membrane

primary active transport

active transport that uses the energy of ATP directly, to move against the concentration gradient

secondary active transport

form of active transport which does not use ATP as an energy source; rather, transport is coupled to ion diffusion down a concentration gradient established by primary active transport.

endocytosis

a form of active transport in which materials from outside the cell come inside the cell through the cell membrane

exocytosis

process by which materials inside the cell go outside through the cell membrane

Pinocytosis

a type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

phagocytosis

a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells

polar

when electrons are shared unequally

non-polar

when electrons are shared equally

membrane potential

gradient of electrical potential across a cll membrane. in resting state, all body plasma membranes exhibit a resting membrane potential

transcription

where DNA information is encoded in mRNA

translation

where the information is carried by mRNA is decoded and used to assemble polypeptides

mRNA (messenger RNA)

the form of RNA where it carries a transcript of the code to the cytoplasm

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

the form of RNA that forms the ribosome subunits that provide the site of protein synthesis

tRNA (transfer RNA)

form of RNA where molecules that ferry the amino acids to the ribosomes

triplets

consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a

DNA molecule that, when transcribed into an mRNA codon, corresponds to a particular amino acid

codons

consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid

anticodons

consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific on an mRNA molecule

anatomy

the study of the structure of the body

physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

gross anatomy

structures that can be examined with the naked eye

microscopic anatomy

the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices

chemical level

the level of the body's organization that includes atoms and molecules; the chemical substances that make up the body's structure

cellular level

the level of the body's organization that includes the smallest indecently functioning unit of a living organism and makes up tissues

tissue level

the level of the body's organization where a group of similar cells work together to perform a specific function and makes up organs

organ level

the level of the body's organization where two or more tissue types work together to perform a big function and makes up an organ system

organ system level

the level of the body's organization where a group of organs work together to perform major functions or meet physiology need of the body

organism level

the level of the body's organization that a living being has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiology functions necessary for life

cardiovascular system

the system of heart and blood vessels; carries O2 and nutrients to all body cells

integumentary system

the system of the skin; protects the body from damage

skeletal system

the system of bones; protects and supports the body

muscular system

the system of the muscles; provides movement and maintains posture (you know it lol)

nervous system

the system of nervous tissue and CNS and PNS; neurons carry and send messages to the body

endocrine system

the system of glands that secrete hormones; functions include metabolism and growth

immune system

the system of cells, organs, and chemicals of the body that responds to attacks from diseases, infections, and injuries

digestive system

the system of breaking down food into absorbable units to enter blood stream for nutrients

urinary system

the system that removes waste products from your body; kidneys, bladder, urethra

reproductive system

the system that allows production of an offsprings; prostate, ovaries, mammary glands, testes

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction

the basic biological functions necessary for life

function reflects structure and structure determines function

explain complementarity between structure and function

survival needs of the body

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure

homeostasis

the body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment; the dynamic state of equilibrium

negative feedback

shuts off the original stimulus; insulin lowers blood glucose when levels are high

positive feedback

increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther; this occurs in only blood clotting and childbirth

anatomical position

erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

mid-sagittal plane

divides the body into equal left and right halves

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

frontal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

matter

anything that takes up space and has mass

energy

the ability to do work

potential energy

stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object

kinetic energy

energy of motion

elements

any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen

what are the four elements your body is made of?

nucleus

contains protons and neutrons round together and are surrounded by electrons, overall has a positive charge

protons

positive electrical charge

neutrons

have a neutral charge

electrons

negative charge and surrounds nucleus, the number is equal to protons

hypertonic solution

a solution that causes a cell to shrink because of osmosis

isotonic solution

A solution with the same concentration of water and solutes as inside a cell

hypotonic solution

a solution that causes a cell to swell because of osmosis

molecules

2 or more of the same element combined

compounds

2 or more different kinds of atoms bound together

mixtures

2 or more components physically mixed together

solutions

2 or more substances are dissolved together

colloids

do not separate into layers; fog

suspensions

mixtures that separates over time; paint

solute

the part of a solution presents in a lesser amount and is dissolved by the solvent; sugar or salt

solvent

the part of a solution presents in the largest amount and dissolves a solute; water

ionic bonds

transfer of electrons

covalent bonds

sharing of electrons

hydrogen bonds

occurs when a hydrogen atom, already covalently bonded to something, is attracted to another electron needy atom

synthesis reaction

A+B-->AB; bonds are formed

decomposition reaction

AB->A+B; larger molecules are broken down

exchange reaction

AB + CD --> AD + CB; bonds are both made and broken

organic compounds

compounds that always contain carbon

acids

substances that release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

bases

substances that release hydroxide ions when dissolved in water

dehydration synthesis

a chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

hydrolysis reaction

peptide bonds linking amino acids together are broken when water is added to the bond

ATP

the energy molecule used by cells that usually comes from glucose; transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism

catabolism

metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.

anabolism

metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.

epidermis

composed of epithelial cells; outer most layer of skin

stratum lucidum

a layer of the epidermis found only in the thick skin of the fingers, palms, and soles

stratum basale

deepest layer of the epidermis, continually in cell division, produces stem cells

stratum granulosum

a layer of the epidermis that marks the transition between the deeper, develops keratohyalin

corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

layers of epidermis from superficial to deep

dermis

the layer of skin below the epidermis; made up of connective tissue proper; contains fibroblasts, macrophages, rich supply of nerve fibers, contain sweat glands, hair follicles, and oil glands

papillary layer

apart of the dermis layer; areolar connective tissue, contains small blood vessels that diffuse nutrients into the epidermis

reticular layer

dense irregular connective tissue, about 80% of the dermis layer

melanin

skin pigment, all humans have the same relative number of melanocytes, so differences in skin color reflect the kid of amount of melanin made

carotene

the yellow pigment of the skin, accumulates in the stratum corneum

hemoglobin

oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells