Biology Mega Study for EOC

Proteins

cellular tools that aid in cell transport, structure, chemical reactions, and communication. Made of amino acids.

Carbohydrates

sugars that provide quick energy and make the cell walls of plants. Usually end in -ose

Lipids

Fats, oils, and waxes. Make the cell membrane, provide insulation, and long-term energy

Nucleic acids

Store genetic information and code for protein

Monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

Structure

what something looks like and is made of

Function

what something does; its purpose

Buffer

something that prevents sudden changes in pH; helps maintain homeostasis

Amino acids

monomers of proteins

Monosaccharides

monomers of carbohydrates; simple sugars

Glucose

C6H12O6

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

DNA

The double-stranded nucleic acid that makes up the chromosomes. Can be found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

RNA

single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose; has nucleotide bases A, U, C, and G

Nucleotides

Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases (A, T, C, or G)

Nitrogen bases

The chemicals that make up the rungs of the RNA and DNA ladders. A-T and C-G match in DNA. A-G and C-G match in RNA.

Prokaryote

A simple unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

A complex cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Plant cell

Eukaryotic cell that contains a cell wall, chloroplast and large vacuole

Animal cell

Eukaryotic cell that does not have a cell wall or chloroplast and a small vacuole

Things ALL cells contain

ribosome, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA

Cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA that is responsible for growth and reproduction

Cell/plasma membrane

phospholipid bilayer that protects and encloses the cell; controls transport; maintains homeostasis

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Cell wall

A rigid structure made of cellulose that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell

Mitochondria

organelle that is the site of aerobic respiration

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Flagella

whiplike tails found in unicellular organisms to aid in movement

Cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

Contractile vacuole

The cell structure that collects extra water from the cytoplasm and then expels it from the cell; helps maintain osmotic balance

Eyespot

structure euglena uses to detect light

Pseudopods

A "false foot" or temporary bulge of cytoplasm used for feeding and movement in some protists

Lysosomes

Uses enzymes to break down food and worn out cell parts

Vacuoles

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates; larger in plant cells

Differentiation/specialization

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function based on gene expression

Stem cells

unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane; water moving to areas of greater solute concentration

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell with the concentration gradient

Concentration

A measurement of how much solute (salt, sugar, etc.) exists within a solution

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Chemical equation for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Chemical equation for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Photosynthesis

process by which plants use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches using their chloroplasts

Aerobic respiration

Respiration that requires oxygen and makes the most ATP

Anaerobic respiration

Respiration that does not require oxygen and makes a very small amount of ATP

Alcohol fermentation

process that occurs in yeast; the breakdown of sugar in the absence of oxygen that produces a very small amount of ATP

Products

Ending materials in a chemical reaction.

Reactants

Starting materials in a chemical reaction

Asexual

A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.

Sexual

A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents

lactic acid fermentation

the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates in animals and bacteria that produces lactic acid as the main end product; can cause muscle cramps

Mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

Meiosis

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

DNA replication

Happens during the S phase of interphase; DNA unzips into two parts and splits with the cell. In it's new home each side of the DNA strand attack to matching nucleotides to create 2 exact copies. It is important in puberty and other times of growth as it is the reproducing of your cells.

Diploid

organism containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Haploid

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.

Nondisjunction

Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate; causes the production of gametes with an incorrect chromosome number

independent assortment

the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes

Crossing over

the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring during prophase I of meiosis

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

Interphase

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Sister chromatid

Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II.

Homologous chromosomes

Pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes.

Tetrad

structure containing four chromatids that forms during meiosis

Variation

Any difference between individuals of the same species.

Fertilization

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a zygote

Zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

Gametes

haploid reproductive cells

dominant

An allele that is always expressed when present; represented by a capital letter

recessive

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

Punnett Square

A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

Homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

Allele

Different forms of a gene

Pedigree

A chart or "family tree" that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait

Karyotype

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

Codominance

A condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed; the phenotype shows both alleles

Incomplete dominance

A pattern of inheritance in which two alleles are neither dominant nor recessive. The resulting offspring have a phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits.

Polygenic

trait controlled by two or more genes

sex-linked traits

Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes.

Heredity

Passing of traits from parents to offspring

Genetics

The scientific study of heredity

selective breeding (artificial selection)

The process of selecting a few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation

Transgenic

organism whose genome has been altered to contain one or more genes from another organism or species

Recombinant DNA

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources

GMO

Genetically modified organism made when DNA is removed from one organism and placed within the DNA of what can be a very different organism.

Restriction enzyme

Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides

genetic engineering

A technology that includes the process of manipulating or altering the genetic material of a cell resulting in desirable functions or outcomes that would not occur naturally.

gel electrophoresis

Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel

forensics

scientific study of crime scene evidence

ethics

the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions

Human Genome Project

project whose goal is to map, sequence, and identify all of the genes in the human genome

Gene Therapy

a technique that places a gene into a cell to correct a hereditary disease or to improve the genome

distilled water

water that has been purified by distillation

primitive

Simple; not sophisticated