Bones and Joints

Fibrous Joints

Contains fibrous connective tissue between bones, allowing for little to no movement.

Cartilaginous Joints

Composed of cartilage between bones, permitting limited movement.

Synovial Joints

Characterized by a space between articulating bones, allowing for significant mobility.

Synarthrodial Joints

Immoveable joints that provide stability, typically seen in the skull sutures.

Amphiarthrodial Joints

Joints that offer a degree of mobility, found in areas like the spine.

Diarthrodial Joints

Feature fluid-filled cavities that allow a wide range of movement, supported by synovial fluid.

Synovial Fluid Functions

Lubrication, nourishment, and shock absorption for joints.

Gliding Joints

Allows for sliding movements without a defined axis.

Pivot Joints

Permits rotation around a single axis.

Hinge Joints

Allows movement in one plane; the elbow is a classical example.

Ellipsoidal Joints

Allows movement in two planes; includes joints like the metacarpophalangeal joints.

Saddle Joints

Facilitates two-dimensional movement, such as the thumb's carpometacarpal joint.

Ball-and-socket Joints

Allows extensive movement in multiple directions; examples include the hip and shoulder joints.

Bone Functions

Support, protection, assists in movement, mineral storage, blood formation, storage of energy.

Osteoprogenitor Cells

Stem cells that can differentiate into various bone cell types.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells embedded in bone tissue that maintain the bone matrix.

Osteoblasts

Cells responsible for bone formation by secreting the bone matrix.

Osteoclasts

Bone-resorbing cells that break down tissue for remodeling.

Osteoporosis

Condition where bone resorption outpaces formation, leading to decreased bone density.

Collagen in Bone

Non-cellular, organic component that provides flexibility and tensile strength.

Calcium and Phosphate

Non-cellular, inorganic components that provide compressive strength to bones.

Spongy Bone

Found at the ends of long bones; features a porous structure with trabeculae.

Dense Bone (Cortical)

Features tightly packed structural units; offers strength and resistance to bending.

Wolff's Law

Bone adapts to the loads under which it is placed; density changes based on stress.

Yellow Bone Marrow

Adipose tissue that provides energy reserves.

Red Bone Marrow

Produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Bony Landmarks

Features like trochanters and tuberosities serve as attachment sites for muscles.

Amenorrheic Athletes

Female athletes who experience absence of menstrual cycles, correlating with reduced bone density.

Types of Long Bones

Have a long shaft and two ends; examples include the femur and humerus.

Types of Short Bones

Approximately as long as they are wide; examples include carpal bones.

Flat Bones

Provide protection and muscle attachment; examples include the skull and rib cage.

Irregular Bones

Have complex shapes; examples include vertebrae.

Sesamoid Bones

Embedded within tendons; the kneecap (patella) is a prime example.

Articulation Joints

Points where two bones meet, facilitating body movements.

Ipsilateral

Referring to structures on the same side of the body.

Contralateral

Referring to structures on opposite sides of the body.

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into right and left sections.

Frontal Plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into upper and lower sections.

Axial Skeleton

Comprises the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

Appendicular Skeleton

Encompasses the extremities, including arms and legs.