Early Childhood Education 5025 Exam

Substitution (complex)

Substituting one sound in one word

Ex: "moth" to "math".

Deletion (complex)

Deleting a sound to make a new word

Ex: “ play to pay”

Addition (complex)

adding a sound that is not originally in the word

Ex: “pay to play”

Segmentation

breaking a word apart

Ex: “Cat to /C/ /a/ /t/”

What at the 6 main levels of phonemic Awareness?

S A D P B

Segmenting

Addition

Deletion

Phonemic Isolation

Blending

Chunking (Small group)

breaking down a difficult text into smaller pieces

Rhyming

a repetition of sounds in different words

Ex: Mat; rat; bat

Onset

beginning sound

Ex: Train- Tr is the onset

Rime

the ending sound in a word

Ex: Train- the rime “ain”

Scaffolding

Asking questions

Robin Reading

Taking turns reading

Encoding (reading)

breaking down sounds in spoken language

Alliteration

the words in a sentence all begin with the same letter

Ex: Peter Piper Picked a Pile of Peppers

Grapheme

is the letter its self

Morpheme

The sound the letter makes

Ex: A says “a”

Phonemic Isolation (individual)

Recognizing individual sounds in a word

Ex: If the teachers says “what is the first sound in Bat”

Answer: /B/

Blending (blender)

Putting together all the sounds in a word

Phonemic Manipulation

Change one sound in a word

Ex: Bat to Cat

Diagraphs

a two letter combination that make one sound

Ex: th, sh, wh, ph, ch

Doublets

use two of the same letters to spell a word

Ex: ff, ll, ss zz

Floss

Consolidated Alphabetic Phase (Constellation of star) (4)

using context clue to sound a word

Ex: a sentence that uses all the letters in the alphabet

The writing process

1. Pre Writing- Brainstorming

2. Draft: Independent

3. Peer Review: students read each others writing

4. Revising: Reworking a piece of writing

5. Editing

6. Rewriting

7. Publishing

Colloquialisms

informal words or phrases (slang) words made by social influence

Ex: 6,7

Denotative (Dictionary)

Dictionary definition of a word

Ex: cool means cold or a low temperature

Connotative (Positive or negative)

two definitions (literal and feeling )

Ex: The air feels cool & He is cool

Noun

Person, place or thing

Adjective

Describes a noun

Ex The boy is handsome.

Verb

is an action

Adverb

describes a verb

Ex: He ran quickly across the street

Pre alphabetic

Not reading the words but memorizing visuals

Ex: McDonalds, story retelling

Vowel Teams

a combination of two, three or four letters that stand for a vowel sound

Ex: bee, dee

Syllable Segmentation

clapping the syllables in a word

Ex: Ashley Ash-ley

Sentence Segmentation

breaking a sentence into words

Ex: He/ went/ to/the beach.

compound

two words put together

Ex: Sidewalk, Mailman

Root words

Part of the word that can stand alone

Ex: Disagreement “AGREE

Suffixes

are at the end of the word

Ex: Disagreement MENT

MENT is the suffix

ed, ing, s, ment

Prefixes

a word in beginning that changes the meaning of the word

Ex: Disagreement

Dis is the prefix

other root words are dis, im.in, mis,

Trigraphs (3)

are 3 letter combinations that make one sound

Ex: Chair, Fair, Hair “Air”

Consonant Blends

includes two or three graphemes and the consonant sounds sounds that are separate and identifiable

Ex: s-c-r (scrape)

c-l (clean)

l-k (milk)

CVCC (Consonant, Vowel, Consonant, Consonant(

ex: Hunt, Fast, Rack

Silent letter combination

One letter you don’t hear but needed to spelling

Ex: Knock, Knee

QU combination

these two letters always go together and make a /KW/ sound

Simple sentence

consists of one independent clause. It makes sense on its own.

ex: I went to the store.

Conjunction

Joins two phrases together.

Ex: She was happy but also nervous

Think of FANBOYS

CCVC (Consonant Vowel Consonant Vowel Consonant Consonant)

Ex: Chop, Trap

Injection (IV)

Expresses a strong emotion

Ex: Hey!! I haven’t seen you in a long time.

Idioms

A word or phrase that means something different from its literal meaning.

Ex: it’s raining cats and dogs

CVCE (Consonant Vowel Consonant Silent E)

Ex: Make, take, bake

Single Vowels Letters

Long Vowel: Ex: cake (dragging out the “A”

Short vowel: cat,

CVC (consonant vowel consonant)

Ex: tap, cat, rat

Fluency (Fast)

how fast a student can read. It is necessary for reading comprehension

VC-CV

two or more consonants between two vowels

Ex: nap-kin, pen-ny

Consonant Blend

two constants that you hear both sounds

Ex: String

Homonyms

words that have identical spelling and pronunciation but have different meanings

Ex: Bark

1. the sound a dog makes

2. part of a tree

Homophones words (sound the same)

two words that spelled differently

Ex: Plane & plain

Prosody (Period, Pause)

stopping at periods, pausing at a comma, reading with inflection, and with expression

Rate

is the speed at which students read words correctly

Hyperbole

an exaggerated statement or not meant to take literally

Ex: I’m so hungry I can eat a horse

Onomatopoeia

a word that makes a sound

Ex: Sizzle, Splash, Boom, Pow

Personification

Human action to non living object

Ex: Flowers dancing

Snytax

Rules to making a proper sentence

Decoding

Breaking up a word to determine its meaning

Ex: Reading the word in a book and sounds it out

Encoding

turning spoken language into “Writing”

Ex: when a student is sounding out the letter in a word and writing it down

Preliterate (1)

random marks or scribbling

Types of Sentences (Create an acronine)

Simple- can stand alone

Compound- 2 independent sentence and in between uses a conjection

Compound complex:

Complex: 2 sentences

1 sentence can stand alone (independent

2 sentence is an incomplete thought (dependent)

Etymology

is the study of the origin or the word.

Semantic Cues (prompt)

a prompt to help student retrieve the answer

Ex: We wear a hat to keep our head (think of read aloud)

Graphophonic Cue (spelling)

relating to the letter sound or grapheme (a sound a letter makes.

Also relating to decoding

Primary Vs. Secondary Resources

Primary (original )

1. A dairy

2. interviews

3. songs

4. Autobiography

Secondary

1. Biography (Not original)

2. History

3. Books, art

4. Newspaper

Fluent (4)

Conventional Spelling- writting strings of words

Types of Writing

1. Narrative: First person. tells a story as its happening

2. Descriptive Writing: helps form a visual picture

3. Informative: Facts

4. Opinion: Opinion

Choral Reading

a class reads in unison

Etymology

the history of words change over

Ex: Evolve, Evolution, Etymology

Morphology

teaching the student to recognize the smallest unit in word. Think of prefix and suffix

Ex: Dis, un, ment, tion

Prephonimic/ Emergent (3)

A word is being asked to be spelled. And a student writes random letters that are not connected.

Ex: Sailboat

Student writes WESYDGEG

Explicit instruction

direct is clear and specific

Ex: please hold my hand while we cross the street

Implicit instruction (Independent )

Ex: hold out hand and student grabs it without needed help from adult

Pragmatic (problem solving) (pointing)

when student is able to find a “practical” solution to a problem

Ex: Valeria grabbing another chair in the music area

Ex: bringing something over to you or point to water bottle to cue needs more water

Semi phonic

when a child is understanding a word for a single letter

Ex: You for “U”

Bee for “B”

Transitional Stage (4)

Age 6-8

the students attempts to write the word but is not correct

Ex: Sailboat

Students writes SAYLBOTE".