APUSH Period 2 (1607 - 1754)

Indentured servants

People who voluntarily surrendered their freedom for a specified time in exchange for passage to America —> usually about 5-7 years

Jamestown, VA

On April 26th 1608, colonists established Jamestown as the capital of Virginia

Virginia Company

Sponsered the voyage to Jamestown (to Virginia)

John Smith

One of the colony’s first leaders, imposed a regime of forced labor

Said “He that will not work, shall not eat”

Headright system

A land-grant policy that promised 50 acres to any colonist who could afford passage to Virginia, as well as 50 more for any accompanying servants. It was introduced by the Virginia Company.

House of Burgesses

The 1st elected assembly in colial America established in 1619 in Virginia, however only free men could vote

Powhatan

Wahunsonacock, referred to usually as Powhatan. John Smith was captured and threatened with execution by him. Smith was rescused by Pocahontas. T

Tobacco

Crop from the West Indies, introduced by John Rolfe (who Pocahontas married). The local elite grew in wealth because of it, King James I considered it harmful. However, many europeans enjoyed it and became addicted to it. P

Plantation slavery

In the Americas, this is where slavery was based. It was more demanding and had a higher death rate compared to other types.

West Indies

Where tobacco is from

Sugar

First crop to be mass marketed to consumers in Europe

Maryland

The second Chesapeake Colony, established in 1632 as proprietary colony, seems better than Virginia

Puritans/Congregationalists

English religious group that sought to purify the Church of England; founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony under John Wintrop in 1630. They shared some believes of the Church like hatred of Catholicism and pride in England as a champion of liberty. They urged people to read the Bible on their own.

Anglican/Church of England

Puritans believed they had too many elements of Catholicism, dismessed and censored Puritan ministers and their writing, Puritanism was to abandon the Church of England

Predestination

An idea believed by the Puritans

King Philip’s War

A multi-year conflict that began in 1675 between the English and a native alliance led by Wamapnoags King Philip and Weetamoo. This caused broadened freedoms(expanding their access to land) for white New Englanders and dispossesion of the Wampanoags and other Indians.

Mercantilism

Exploiting the colonies in order to gain wealth

Navigation Acts

Law passed by English parliament to control colonial trade and bolster the mercantile system, 1651-1775; enforcement of the act led to growing resentment by colonists. The first one was passed in 1651. There was a rise in New England’s shipbuilding industry.

New Netherland

Seized during Anglo-Dutch War between 1664 and 1674.

New York

Charles II awarded New Netherland to his younger brother James (duke of York), giving him power to govern. English rule gave more freedom to some and less freedom to others. They would respect religious and ethnic beliefs but did not apply to women’s rights. They also increased slave trade and expelled free Blacks from many skilled jobs.

Iroquois/Haudenosaunee League

English rule strengthened their position. 6 nations of Haudenosaunee + New York joined to fight Native rivals. They adopted a policy of neutrality with the European empires. They got profit from fur trade.

Pennslyvannia

Last English colony to be established in the 17th century. It was established in 1681 by William Penn.

Quakers

Also known as the Society of Friends. They were a religious group in England and America whose members believed all persons possessed the “inner light” or spirit of God; they were early proponents of abolition of slavery and equal rights of women.

William Penn

The propreitor for Pennslyvania, devout member of the Quakers. He envisioned a place with spiritual freedom, colonists+native Americans could coexist. He was concerned with establishing a refuge for his coreligionists(they were facing persecution in England). Hoped that Pennsylvania would be governed according to Quaker principles

Bacon’s rebellion

Unsuccessful 1676 revolt led by planter Nathaniel Bacon against British Governor of Virginia William Berkeley’s administration. Berkeley ran a corrupt regime in an alliance with the colony’s wealthiest tobacco planters for 30 years.

Slave codes

Slaves were property, subjects to the will of their enslavers

• Enacted by the House of Burgesses in 1705

English Bill of Rights

A series of laws enacted in 1689 that inscribed the rights of English men into law and enumerated parliamentary powers such as taxation.

What are some English rights(part of common law and bill of rights)?

• Local governments for town and county

• Trial by jury of peers

• Warrants for search and seizure

• Representation in Parliament(House of Lords and House of Commons)

• Taxation only with consent of Parliament

• No excessive bail or cruel and unusual punishments

• Freedom of speech in Parliament

• Freedom of worship to all Protestants

Triangle trade

Raw materials, Manufactured goods and African slaves

c

Common Law

Right to a trial by jury of peers, etc. Basically, rights in general

Glorious Revolution

Parliament got rid of a Catholic King, William and Mary became monarchs in 1688

What was a good that was traded in New Hampshire

LumberWh

What was a good that was traded in Massachusetts?

Rum

Good that was traded in CT?

Whaling byproducts(oil)

Good that was traded in NY?

Furs

Good that was traded in PA?

Grains

Good that was traded in VA?

Tobacco

Good that was traded in SC?

Indigo

Chattel Slavery

a system where one person has total ownership of another as personal property, with the legal right to buy, sell, trade, and inherit them

1st Navigation Act

Imports must be on English Ships with majority english crew

2nd Navigation Act

“Enumerated” goods.(Tobacco, sugar, indigo, etc). Can only be exported within empire + imports and exports on English ships, ¾ English crews

3rd Navigation Act

Imports from Europe must be tarriffed in England

“Writs of Assistance”

General search warrant, can check any ship or warehouse without probable cause

Admiralty courts

Allowed customs officals to try accused smugglers outside of their colony (outside of their peers)

Bounties

Basically subsidies, for production of things like indigo, hemp, naval goods

Republicanism

Political theory in 18th century England and America that celebrated active participation in public life by economically independent citizens as central to freedom

John Locke

Leading philosopher of liberalism. Ideas on natural rights and the social contract. Some of his ideas include individual rights, the consent of the government, right of rebellion against unjust or oppressive government

Colonial assemblies

Elected legislative bodies in British American colonies that passed local laws, managed budgeted and managed taxes

Salutory neglect

Informal British policy during the first half of the 18th century that allowed the American colonies some freedom to persure their economic & political interests in exchange for colonial obedience.

Colonial press

The 1st continuosly published colonial newspaper was the Boston News-Letter in 1704, average 600 sales per issue, 25 colonial newspapers by 1765

Enlightenment

Revolution in thought in 18th century that emphasized reason and science over authority of traditional religion. It originated among French thinkers and spread to Britain. These thinkers insisted that every human institution, authority and tradition be judged before the bar of reason.

Benjamin Franklin

Self-educated, possibly the best-known American in the 18th century. He established a newspaper, a debating club, published Poor Richard’s Almanack and conducted experiments to show lightning is a form of electricity.

Deism

Idea that the world was created by God but is not interfered by God

Great Awakening

Fervent religious revival movement in 1720s through the 1740s that was spread in the colonies by ministers like New England Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards and English revivalist George Whitefield

Impacts of the Great Awakening

• Religious configuration

• Enlargd the boundaries of liberty

• Congregations split into factions

• Brought numerous slaves into the Christian Fold

• Encouraged many colonists to trust their own views rather than the views of the elites

  • Right to independent judgement

• Questioning authority

Natural law ordained a government resting on the consent of the governed and respecting the inherent “natural rights” of all

Part of the Enlightenment

Atlantic Slave Trade

The systematic importation of African people from their native continent across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas, fueled largely by rising demand for sugar, rice, coffee and tobacco

An emotional effort to reassert piety over the rationalism of the Enlightenment

Part of the Great Awakening

Triangle trade

Raw materials, manufactured goods and african slaves

Middle Passage

Men, women, and children were crammed aboard vessels as tightly as possible to maximize profits. Many died along the way because of disease.

Stono Rebellion

An uprising by enslaved men in 1739 in South Carolina that led to a severe tightening of the slave code and the temporary imposition of a prohibitive tax on imported slaves.

Humankind could observe the world and, by applying reason, could extract the “natural laws” that govern phenomena

Part of the Enlightenment

Suggested that salvation was open to all who appealed to God, thus encouraging the notion of equal rights

Part of the Great Awakening

The Universe was a great clock, created by God, but allowed to operate freely. God “the Watchmaker” was no longer present and could not be communicated with.

Part of the Enlightenment

Doubt that any religious sect had a monopoly over truth and grace

Part of the GA

God created the world but left it to be governed by the laws of nature

Part of the Enlightenment

Reason became the new faith and man the new God

Part of the Enlightenment

A heart open to the divine spirit was more important than a trained intellect

Part of The Great Awakening

People could perfect their world by finding obstacles, removing them, and allowing natural laws to operate freely

Part of the Enlightenment

Believed that away from the persecutions of England, Americans had given preference to the counting house over the meeting house.

Part of the Great Awakening

Unnatural laws, such as the mercantile regulations on trade, conflicted with “natural laws” and had to be removed.

Part of the Enlightenment

Criticized for allowing uneducated ministers to create confusion and errors

Part of The Great Awakening

Came to America to build a “City upon a Hill,” aa religious utopia in the wilderness. It was thus appropriate to guard, warn, or reporve moral lapes.

Part of Puritanism

Men were innately unequal, only the “viisble saints” could run the Church

Part of Puritanism

Adherence to a strict moral code was both a sign of salvation and a path to prosperity

Part of puritanism

Church membership was a prerequisite to for participation in politics

Part of Puritanism

Stood ready to use the power of the state to enforce religious uniformity

pt. of puritanism

Since the scripture offered solutions to all problems of individual conduct, Church and civil govt, and social organization, an educated citizenry was necessary to enable individuals to interpret the meaning of the scripture for their lives.

pt of Puritanism

It followed logically that civil govt stems from voluntary agreement of all church members

pt. of Puritanism