Quiz 4: Org Behavior- Effective Leadership Processes

What did the Iowa case include?

Authoritarian leaders are directive and impersonal, Democratic leaders encourage participation and group decision making, Laissez-faire leaders give complete freedom

What did the study set out for?

To identify different styles between 10 year old boy groups, there were 3 different groups. The whole study was to see the results and to see what style the boys liked

What did the first group for the Iowa study do?

The first group was authoritarian they told the boys what to do

What did the second group for the Iowa study do?

The second group was democratic they told the boys to think of a way to do it/asks for ideas and lets them vote on a way

What did the thirs group for the Iowa study do?

The third group was laissez-faire they told the boys to make an airplane, no structure

For the Iowa study which style won?

The Democratic style

What could be wrong with the Iowa study?

They were looking at leadership with only 10 year old boys, how do you measure this later on?

What did the Ohio study look at?

It was a study that looked at 2 critical characteristics, could be high or low, and they are independent from each other. It was rating others on 2 things & the dimensions of leaders

What did the results shows in the Ohio case?

It showed 2 factors: Consideration (friendly), and initiating structure (task-oriented)

Define manager vs leader

manager: carrying out functions, planning, budgeting, organizing, interpersonal roles, informational roles, descion-making roles

-Leadership is an extension of management

(you want to score high in both for the Ohio study)

What did Michigan study look at it?

The goal was to find the leadership study that provided the highest employee and satisfaction, you want to be high in all the areas.

In the Michigan study what were the three characteristics?

-Task oriented behavior

-Relationship-oriented

-Participative leadership (manager is responsible for employees work) ex: if employee project is bad it’s managers fault

What is one problem of trait theories?

All managers think they know what the qualities of a successful leader are. That’s a problem because anyone can assign an adjective to a person

What is one thing to remember about trait theories of leadership?

-Personality is a trait theory

-Extroversion has highest correlation with leadership

What is trait theory and what traits are most strongly associated with effective leadership?

Trait theory focuses on identifying traits that distinguish leaders from non-leaders. Traits include drive, leadership motivation, integrity, self-confidence, cognitive ability, knowledge of the business and emotionl intelligence

What is Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) model, why are leader-follower relationship important?

LMX states that leaders form different relationships with followers. In-groups receive more trust, support, and resources. While out-groups receive fewer benefits. There’s a positive exchange between the leaders and the followers.

What are the three key situational variables in Fiedler’s contingency model?

Leader-member relations, task structure, and position power

According to Fiedler, when are task-oriented leaders most effective? When are relationship-oriented leaders most effective?

-Task-oriented leaders are most effective in very favorable and very unfavorable situations

-Relationship-oriented leaders are most effective in moderatley favorable situations

What characteristics define charismatic leadership?

Charismatic leaders articulate a vision, communicate high expectations, and inspire confidence through personal exampel

What is the difference between transactional and transformational leadership?

-Transactional: Leadership is based on exchanges between leader and follower

-Transformational: leadership changes followers values, benefits, and needs to achieve higher levels of motivation

What are the 4 Components of Transformational Leadership?

-Idealized Influence

-Inspirational motivation

-Intellectual motivation

-Individualized motivation

What is an examples of an LMX model that has an in-group and an out-group?

The president of the united states, has both and in-group and an out-group. There in-group includes the cabinet, vice president, etc.

What does in-group mean?

High level of responsibility, trust, pay for their position, they work hard, loyal to leader

What does out-group mean?

low-level of choice and influence, not a negative thing, they don’t really wanna be in the in-group

What is a problem with the LMX model?

Has to figure out how to balance the relationship between leaders and their followers

What are the 3 dimensions of Fiedler’s Contingency Model?

1. The leader-member relationship

2. The degree of task structure

3. The leader’s position power

What does The leader-member relationship mean?

It is the most critical variable in determining the situation’s favorableness, accepted and respected by followers.

What does The degree of task structure mean?

The second most important input into the favorableness of the situation, task is very structured

What does The leader’s position power mean?

It is obtained through formal authority, which is the third most critical dimension of the situation

Do all 3 dimensions of Fiedler’s Contingency Model have to be high?

Yes, all have to be high for the leader situation to be favorable

Why is the task-oriented leader successful in very favorable situations (Fielder)?

In very favorable situations when the leader has power, the group is ready to be directed and expects to be.

Ex: The captain of an airline is about to land, we would hardly want him to turn to his crew for a discussion on how to land.

Who developed the two types of political leadership transactional and transformational?

James MacGregor Burns (1978)

What are the 4 I’s in Transformational Leadership?

1: Idealized Influence

2: Inspirational Motivation

3: Intellectual Stimulation

4: Individualized Consideration

What does Idealized Influence mean?

A role-model with integrity, strong & persuasive leader, people follow you (charisma), gains respect and trust

What does Inspirational Motivation mean?

Inspiring vision + articulate that, communicates high expectations, expresses important purposes in simple ways

What does Intellectual Stimulation mean?

challenging assumptions, set high expectations, challenge followers, stimulate intellect.

What are benefits to Intellectual Stimulation?

Higher employee engagement, increased creativity, stronger culture, greater adaptivity, and performance.

What does Individualized Consideration mean?

Coaching and mentoring, know your team so well that you know everything about them. Use personal information to motivate + influence each followers needs

What does Authentic Leaders mean?

To know oneself, to be consistent with oneself, and to have a positive and strengths based orientation towards one’s development and the development of others.

What are the 4 components of Authentic Leadership?

1: Self- awareness

2: Relational Transparency

3: Balanced processing

4: Internalized moral perspective

What does Self- awareness mean under Authentic Leadership?

To truly know ones gift & limitations

What does Relational Transparency mean under Authentic Leadership?

Openly share own thoughts, yet do not overly display their emotions to followers

What does Balanced Processing mean under Authentic Leadership?

Solicit opinions from subordinates and welcome opposing viewpoints and consider the value of these viewpoints in a fair manner

What does Internalized moral perspective mean under Authentic Leadership?

Demonstrate in their relationships and decision-making a strong moral code; this ethical foundation is resistant to external forces

What is MLQ?

Most of the research on transformational leadership to date has relied on Bass and Avolio’s MLQ (Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire) which is qualitative research that simply describes leaders through interviews

What characteristics do effective transformational leaders share?

1: They identify themselves as change agents

2: They are courageous

3: They believe in people

4: They are value driven

5: They are lifelong learners

6: They have ability to deal with complexity, ambiguity, and uncertainty

7: They are visionaries

What did Fielder discover about favorable and unfavorable situations?

-Under very favorable and unfavorable situations, the task-oriented, or hard-nosed and authoritarian, type of leader was most effective.

-Under moderately favorable or unfavorable situations the human-oriented, or democratic type of leader was most effective.

What does Charsimatic mean?

The effect that a leader has on his or her followers.

What are some characteristics of Charisma?

-Followers identify with leader

-Leader is able to communicate emotional involvement with the organizations mission

-Have strong presence, desire to influence others, self-confidence, high expectations

-Leaders can be charismatic but terrible humans (Adolf Hitler)

-VERY SPECIAL QUALITY (2-3% of population)

What does Transactional Lead mean?

-Tasks, rewards, maintaining status quo

-Focused on structure, supervision and performance

-Based on systems of rewards and punishments

-Motivates through extrinsic rewards

-Uses corrective actions to manage performance

What does Transformational Lead mean?

-Described to hold positive expectations for followers, believing that they can do their best (ALWAYS A GOOD THING)

-Stimulate followers to exceed normal levels of performance

-Care about followers and their personal needs and desires