Systems of Psychotherapy Exam 2

Who developed Cognitive Therapy?

American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck

What does Cognitive Therapy state is the route of all difficulties?

Maladaptive, unhelpful, and inaccurate thinking

Aaron Beck came to the conclusion that the way his patients perceived and attributed meaning in their daily lives was the key to therapy, a process he called __________

Cognition

What disorder did Beck's original research studies for Cognitive therapy focus on?

Depression

What are the three levels of mind beliefs in Beck's cognitive model?

1. Automatic Thought

2. Intermediate Belief

3. Core/Basic Belief

What are Automatic Thoughts?

Maladaptive thoughts, also referred to as cognitive distortions

Over generalizations, magnifications of negative events, catastrophic thinking, and minimization of positive events are all examples of ____________ ___________

Automatic thoughts/cognitive distortions

What are Intermediate Beliefs in cognitive therapy?

Beliefs that are connected to specific situations or experiences.

True or False: Intermediate beliefs are inflexible and do not change over time

False

True or False: Intermediate beliefs tend to be more conscious and be based on concrete evidence and past experience

True

A person suffering with social anxiety believes that if they speak up in a group setting, they will embarrass themselves. This is an example of an _______________ ____________

Intermediate Belief

Wanting to cry after you get rejected for a job you wanted and hearing a caregiver in your head who used to tell you "You better not cry! Only babies and people who are weak cry." is an example of an _____________ ______________

Intermediate belief

Eric loves cars more than anything and his dream is to attend trade school and become a mechanic. However, his parents tell him thats ridiculous and that if he ever wants to have a happy life he must attend a good college and pick a major that makes a lot of money. Despite his passion for cars, Eric now feels as if he must attend college because thats what his parents expect of him. This belief is an example of an ___________ _____________

Intermediate belief

What are Core Beliefs in cognitive therapy?

Deeply ingrained assumptions that we hold about ourselves, others, and the world.

Which mind belief is described as "The lenses through which we view the world and ourselves through?"

Core beliefs

When do core beliefs begin to develop and what may shape them?

The begin to develop in childhood and may be shaped by our family, environment, culture, and experiences

True or False: Core beliefs are often conscious and people are usually aware of them

False

Throughout her childhood, Bri's parents would constantly critique her for grades, social life, or interests. As Bri grew up, she started telling herself that she was uncool and that people disliked her for who she was. When Bri became an adult and would get into an argument with a friend or partner she would often spiral and tell herself, "You are an unlovable loser who doesn't deserve anyone." The underlying belief that she is unlovable, a loser, and is not deserving of love is an example of a ___________ ____________

Core Belief (sorry for the really sad flashcard)

What two mind beliefs shape our thoughts and actions according to cognitive therapy?

Core and intermediate beliefs

__________ beliefs come from friends, family, and society, and influence our thoughts. __________ beliefs are deeper and developed from repeating these ____________ beliefs.

1. Intermediate

2. Core

3. Intermediate

True or False: In cognitive therapy, working on a clients intermediate beliefs often yields quicker progress

True

Core beliefs are more flexible and can be challenged and changed with new experiences and evidence

False, the correct answer is Intermediate beliefs. Core beliefs are are deeply ingrained and challenging to change

What is the main goal of cognitive therapy called and how many steps does it involve?

It is called cognitive restructuring and it has 4 steps

What are the 4 steps of cognitive restructuring?

1.Identification of problematic cognitions known as "automatic

thoughts" (ATs) which are dysfunctional or negative views of the

self, world, or future, based upon already existing beliefs about

oneself, the world, or the future.

2.Identification of the cognitive distortions in one's automatic

thoughts.

3.Rational disputation (the act of disputing or debating) of

automatic thoughts with the Socratic method.

4.Development of a rational rebuttal to the automatic thoughts.

Someone tells you that your hair looks really good today, and your immediate thought is that they must be lying out pity. Then you take a moment and ask your yourself things such as, "Is there evidence for or against this thought?, It that thought based on facts or how I feel?, Is the thought black and white?, could i be misrepresenting the evidence or making assumptions?, Would other people have different interpretations of the same situation?" These thoughts combating the negative automatic thought are an example of the ____________ _______________

Socratic Method

What is the Socratic Method in cognitive therapy?

A technique of questioning by asking probing questions about clients' irrational thoughts. As clients improve awareness, they can eventually begin to question their thoughts themselves.

The story shared in class about her friend who always sees the negative in everything was used to demonstrate a person who has negative _________ ___________

automatic thoughts

Cognitive distortions are based on ___________ __________

False Assumptions

Always Being Right and Heaven's Reward Fallacy are examples of __________ __________

False Assumptions

The False Assumption "Always Being Right" is described as:

Being continually on trial to prove that our

opinions and actions are correct. Being wrong is unthinkable and

we will go to any length to demonstrate our rightness. For

example, 'I don't care how badly arguing with me makes you feel,

I'm going to win this argument no matter what because I'm right.'

Being right often is more important than the feelings of others

around a person who engages in this cognitive distortion, even

loved ones.

The False Assumption "Heaven's Reward Fallacy" is described as:

Expecting our sacrifice and self-denial to pay off, as if someone is keeping score. We feel bitter when the reward doesn't come

According to Beck's theory of the etiology of depression, depressed people acquire a ___________ ___________ of the world in childhood and adolescence; children and adolescents who experience depression acquire this ________ _________ earlier.

1 & 2. Negative schema

True or False: According to Beck, when an individual with a negative schema encounters a situation resembles the original conditions of the learned schema, the negative schemas are activated

True

Beck's negative triad says what?

That depressed people have negative thoughts about themselves, their experiences in the world, and the future

According to Beck, the depressed brain sees the world in terms that are ________, _________, __________. The goal of cognitive therapy is to replace these world views in the following terms, ___________, _________, __________.

1. Global (Everything is terrible not just one area)

2. Stable (It will last forever)

3. Internal (Only focused on whats going on inside)

4. Specific (Its just one aspect that is hard right now)

5. Temporary (This will eventually end)

6. External (Focus on what is going on outside as well)

The story told in class where her friend forgot to pick up her kid due to shopping and did not own up to making a mistake was used to demonstrate:

The False Assumption "Always Being Right"

Behavior therapy was the __________ major force in the field

2nd

What is the ultimate goal of behavior therapy?

To increase the clients engagement in healthy or socially reinforcing behavior and to decrease or eliminate unwanted or maladaptive behaviors

The in class story about the women who almost divorced her husband due to him surprising her with halloween decorations, and her friends who call her and complain about things her husbands are/are not doing was used as an example to demonstrate:

Cognitive therapy, and how distorted cognitive lenses can distort the interpretations of events

What is the goal of behavior therapy?

Modifying or eliminating the maladaptive behavior the client manifests and on helping them develop healthy, constructive ways of acting

According to behavior therapy, where do psychological disorders stem from?

Maladaptive learning

True or False: Behavior therapy says that all behaviors are learned through an individuals environment, and symptoms come about through classical and operant conditioning

True

__________ __________ developed the concept classical conditioning and _________ __________ developed the concept of operant conditioning

1. Ivan Pavlov

2. B.F Skinner

True or False: Classical conditioning involves learning by reinforcement and punishment, and operant conditioning involves learning through association

False, correct answer is: Operant conditioning involves learning by reinforcement and punishment, and Classical conditioning involves learning through association

True or False: Behavior therapy was developed based on clinical efforts with clients

False, it was developed based on animal studies in experimental psych and physiology labs

Who was John B. Watson, and what was his infamous experiment?

John B. Watson was a major proponent of behaviorism, and conducted the study in which they made an 11-month old child named Albert fear rats and other furry animals through reflexes and conditioning

True or False: Behaviorist such as Watson and Skinner believed that the mind and feelings played a part in our behavior

False

Which behaviorist was studying operant conditioning around the same time as Skinner, but instead was using a puzzle box and cats?

E. L. Throndike

What animal was used in Skinner's original 'skinner box' and how did it work?

It was a pigeon, and the pigeon was reinforced with food pellets when it clicked a green light rather than a red light and it gradually learned to click on the green light.

____________ came up with the concept of The Law of Effect

Throndike

What is the Law of Effect?

A behavior that is followed by satisfying consequences will be more likely to be repeated and behavior that is followed by unsatisfying consequences will be less likely to be repeated

In behavior therapy, reinforcement generally means to ______________ a behavior

Strengthen

What are Token Economics in behavior therapy?

A way to shape client behavior in which tokens are offered for preforming desirable behaviors or decreasing undesirable behaviors

Providing a child with a token that allows him to get 30min of free time in class for sharing a toy with a classmate, or giving a person in an AA meeting a 6-month sobriety coin is are examples of _________ __________

Token Economics

True or False: Only maladaptive behaviors are controlled by their consequences

False

True or False: Skinner was a supporter that reinforcement over punishment

True

True or False: Any amount of reinforcement is sufficient enough to alter maladaptive behavior

False, insufficient reinforcement may contribute to maladaptive behavior

Which contributor to behaviorism developed Systematic Desensitization?

Joseph Wolpe

How did Wolpe show that people could unlearn their fears?

He conditioned cats to fear certain noises and visuals, based on electric shocks following them :(, then played the sounds and visuals but gave them food instead and they slowly re-associated the previously feared stimuli with food instead of shocks.

True or False: Behavioral therapist believe progress in therapy is made due to the relationship with the client rather than the behavioral techniques used

False

The therapist and client in behavior therapy come up with what to address presenting behaviors?

They come up with a behavior plan that is clear, concrete, and agreed upon in order to reduce the frequency of the behavior

The in class story about the kid with separation anxiety who always had to call his Mom due to separation anxiety and was eventually "weened" off of it was used as an example to demonstrate ____________

Behavior therapy

True or False: Behavior therapy is effective for all clients regardless of motivation to change

False, the ideal client is motivated and willing to change

What is Relaxation Training?

A behavioral therapeutic technique that involves teaching clients how to relax the muscles. The underlying premise of progressive relaxation training is that muscle tension increases anxiety. Therapists teach clients how to discriminate between when their muscles are tensely contracted and when they are fully relaxed.

When clients learn how to discriminate between tense and

relaxed muscle groups and to relax muscles on cue, they reduce

tension in their bodies. They begin to have a better

understanding of what tension is and how they can control it.

What are Exposure Therapies?

Exposure therapies are a general category of behavior

techniques that are designed to treat phobias and a wide range

of other behaviors, such as Systematic Desensitization

What is Systematic Desensitization?

Most common form of exposure therapy, that also takes the longest, in which you start at the base of an exposure hierarchy and slowly build up to full exposure

What are the two main trends that have come about due to behavior therapy?

1. Applied behavioral analysis as a field of study

2. Behavioral pharmacology

What is Applied Behavioral Analysis?

The application of operant and classical conditioning to modify human behavior or the application to teach an individual new skills while replacing undesirable behavior.

True or False: Applied Behavioral Analysis has been successful in treating kids with Autism Spectrum Disorder

True

True or False: Behavior therapy is one of the most evidence based therapies in existence

True

What are the main criticism of behavior therapy?

1. Involves control and manipulation by the therapist(kinda dumb)

2. Treats symptoms rather than causes

3. Ignores relational factors in therapy

4. Does not produce client insight

True or False: Behavior therapy does not develop a strong self-management focus

False

True or False: Behavior therapy has been shown to be an effective treatment for conditions such as phobias, eating disorders, addictions of all types, OCD, PTSD, and behavioral disorders

True

What is Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)?

A type of psychotherapy treatment that helps people learn how to identify and change the destructive or disturbing thought patterns that have a negative influence on their behavior and emotions

True or False: CBT is one of the most well studied and effective models of treatment and have been found to be effective in treating anxiety, depression, eating disorders, insomnia, OCD, PTSD, panic disorder, and substance use disorder

True

True or False: CBT is about identifying negative thought patterns

False, CBT is about more than identifying thought patterns. It is a gradual process that helps you take incremental steps toward behavior changes

In CBT, after a negative thought pattern is linked to a behavior, what is the next step?

Learning and practicing new skills that can be used in the real world

What does the acronym SMART goals stand for?

S - Specific

M - Measurable

A - Attainable

R - Relevant

T - Time-based

Identifying Negative Thoughts, Practicing New Skills, Goal-Setting, Problem-Solving, Self-Monitoring, Journaling, Role-Playing, Relaxation Strategies, Mental Distractions are examples of coping skills utilized in ___________

CBT

What are the most common 5 steps of problem solving in CBT?

1. Identify the problem

2. Generate a list of potential solutions

3. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each potential solution

4. Choose a solution to implement

5. Implement the solution

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), Acceptance and commitment therapy(ACT), Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), Multimodal therapy (MMT) are all forms of __________

CBT

What is Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)?

A model of therapy with a string educational component to provide skills for managing intense emotions and negotiating social relationships

What was DBT originally developed to treat?

To curb the self-destructive impulses of chronic suicidal patients

DBT is the treatment of choice for ____________ _____________ _____________, ______________ ______________, and a growing array of psychiatric conditions

1. Borderline Personality Disorder

2. Emotion Dysregulation

What are the 4 main components of DBT?

1. Mindfulness

2. Distress Tolerance

3. Emotion Regulation

4. Interpersonal Effectiveness

The example of a women with BPD who worked in a group home and was constantly late to work, was used as an example to demonstrate _____________

Identifying behavioral targets in DBT

Who developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)?

Albert Ellis

What did Ellis believe was the root of all extreme, disturbing, or neurotic emotions?

The persons view of the situation, not the situation itself

The primary goal of REBT was to modify _________ __________

Self Talk

True or False: Ellis believed that maladaptive behaviors were learned, and therefore can be unlearned by changing dysfunctional cognitions, emotions, and behaviors

True

Ellis's REBT 11 irrational beliefs borrowed largely from ____________ _____________ tyranny of the _____________.

1. Karen Horney

2. shoulds

What influence did Adler have on Ellis's REBT?

He asserted that our lifestyle and goals in life are determined by our basic beliefs about ourselves and about life, and our behavior often comes from our mistaken ideals. The individual relates himself or herself to the rest of the world based on that person's interpretation of himself and our reaction to our defects

True or False: REBT is based on the belief that people are born with the capacity for rational and irrational thinking

True

True or False: Ellis maintained that human beings have predispositions for

self-preservation, happiness, and growth actualization, but also

have leanings toward self-destruction, repetition of past

mistakes, self-blame, and avoidance of self-actualization.

True

Who is best known for his creation of the ABC model?

Albert Ellis?

What does the acronym ABCDE in the ABC model stand for?

A = Activating Event

B = Belief System

C = Emotional Consequences of A and B

D = Disputing Irrational Thoughts and Beliefs

E = Cognitive and Emotional Effects of Revised Beliefs

The story told in class about the student who played basketball, who believed the coach picked on him for his race, and then cursed out the coach and quit was used to demonstrate the ________ _________

REBTs ABCDE Model

True or False: REBT is aimed at being a long term therapy

False, it is aimed at being a brief therapy to help clients gain a more realistic and rational philosophy of life

What is Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)?

A time-limited, focused, and evidence based approach to treat mood disorders. The main goal of IPT is to improve the quality of a client's interpersonal relationships and social functioning, it aims to help reduce overall distress

What was IPT originally developed for?

For adults, and modified for adolescents, with mild to moderate depression