Exam 2

1) A shift of the resting transmembrane potential toward 0 mV is called 1) _______

A) potential difference.

B) depolarization.

C) repolarization.

D) hyperpolarization.

E) polarization.

depolarization

2) Vitamin D3 is important for proper ________ development. 2) _______ 

A) skin B) vision C) bone D) neural E) muscle 

 C) bone

3) The nervous tissue outside of the central nervous system composes the ________ nervous system. 3) _______ A) parasympathetic

B) somatic

C) peripheral

D) afferent

E) autonomic

peripheral

4) Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid? 4) _______

A) provides buoyant support for the brain

B) produces ATP for impulse transmission

C) acts as a transport medium for waste products

D) provides cushioning for delicate neural tissues

E) acts as a transport medium for nutrients

B) produces ATP for impulse transmission 

5) Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except 5) _______

A) detection of sensations.

B) synthesis of vitamin C.

C) protection of underlying tissue.

D) maintenance of body temperature.

E) excretion of salts and wastes.

B) synthesis of vitamin C. 

6) The layer of stem cells that constantly divide to renew the epidermis is the 6) _______ A) stratum granulosum.

B) basal lamina.

C) papillary layer.

D) stratum basale.

E) stratum corneum.

D) stratum basale. 

7) While walking barefoot on the beach, Joe stepped on a thorn that penetrated through the sole of his foot to the dermis. How many layers of epidermis did the thorn penetrate? 7) _______

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

E) 5 

8) The cranial nerves that innervate the extrinsic eye muscles are 8) _______

A) III and V.

B) I, II, and III.

C) III, IV, and VI.

D) II and VI.

E) II, III, and IV.

C) III, IV, and VI.

9) Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called ________ areas. 9) _______

A) sensory

B) motor

C) cranial

D) association

E) intercalated

association

10) The highest levels of information processing occur in the 10) ______

A) medulla oblongata.

B) corpus callosum.

C) cerebrum.

D) cerebellum.

E) diencephalon.

cerebrum

11) The ________ is important in storage and recall of new long-term memories. 11) ______ A) fornix

B) amygdaloid body

C) cingulate gyrus

D) mammillary bodies

E) hippocampus

hippocampus

12) The system that functions in tying together emotions, motivation and memory is the 12) ______

A) limbic system.

B) apneustic system.

C) circadian system.

D) reticular activating system.

E) hypothalamic system.

A) limbic system. 

13) The ________ filters and relays sensory information to cerebral cortex. 13) ______ A) pons

B) thalamus

C) cerebellum

D) cerebrum

E) medulla oblongata

B) thalamus 

14) The hypothalamus produces which two hormones? 14) ______

A) growth hormone and melatonin

B) ADH and oxytocin

C) oxytocin and melatonin

D) ADH and epinephrine

E) epinephrine and norepinephrine

B) ADH and oxytocin 

15) Jane, a 79-year-old woman, has been diagnosed with a tumor in the brain. She has lost some sensory and motor functions associated with the face, like control of facial muscles for emotion and various sensory functions like taste. In addition, she has some hearing loss and balance problems. The location of the tumor is likely to be the 15) ______

A) cerebrum.

B) thalamus.

C) cerebellum.

D) medulla.

E) pons.

E) pons. 

16) Cerebrospinal fluid 16) ______

A) is secreted by ependymal cells.

B) is formed by a passive process.

C) contains blood cells and blood plasma.

D) is normally produced twice as fast as it is removed.

E) has almost the same composition as blood plasma.

A) is secreted by ependymal cells. 

17) What structure is covered by many blood vessels and adheres tightly to the surface of the brain? 17) ______ A) choroid plexus

B) pia mater

C) cranial plexus

D) dura mater

E) arachnoid mater

B) pia mater 

18) Specialized ________ form the secretory component of the choroid plexus. 18) ______

A) ependymal cells

B) epididymal cells

C) astrocyte

D) blood cells

E) arachnoid cells

A) ependymal cells 

19) When you perform a physical activity that you have not done in a while, such as riding a bike, which area of your brain coordinates your movements with learned experiences? 19) ______

A) thalamus

B) medulla oblongata

C) cerebellum

D) midbrain

E) pons

cerebellum

20) The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems. 20) ______ A) medulla oblongata

B) cerebellum

C) hypothalamus

D) pons

E) cerebrum

C) hypothalamus 

21) The floor of the diencephalon is formed by the 21) ______

A) mesencephalon.

B) pons.

C) thalamus.

D) hypothalamus.

E) brain stem.

hypothalamus

22) What are the dermal sensory structures that sense deep pressure? 22) ______

A) tactile dics

B) Meissner's corpuscles

C) tactile corpuscles

D) Merkel cells

E) lamellar corpuscle

E) lamellar corpuscle 

23) The sensory cells associated with the deep layers of the epidermis are 23) ______ A) Pacinian corpuscles.

B) Merkel cells.

C) keratinocytes.

D) Meissner's corpuscles.

E) melanocytes.

B) Merkel cells. 

24) The epidermis of the skin is composed of what type of tissue?24) ______ A) simple squamous epithelium

B) areolar connective tissue

C) keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

D) transitional epithelium

E) nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

C) keratinized stratified squamous epithelium 

25) The two components of the integumentary system are the 25) ______

A) cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.

B) epidermis and superficial fascia.

C) epidermis and dermis.

D) integument and hypodermis.

E) cutaneous membrane and hypodermis.

A) cutaneous membrane and accessory structures. 

26) The layer of epidermis where keratohyalin crosslinks keratin fibers is the 26) ______ A) stratum corneum.

B) stratum lucidum.

C) stratum basale.

D) stratum spinosum.

E) stratum granulosum.

E) stratum granulosum. 

27) Difficulty in swallowing may be a sign of damage to which cranial nerve(s)? 27) ______

A) glossopharyngeal and vagus

B) glossopharyngeal

C) hypoglossal

D) facial

E) vagus

A) glossopharyngeal and vagus 

28) A fibrin clot that is formed over a skin wound is called a 28) ______ A) keloid. B) plug.C) scab.D) scar. E) graft.

scab

29) Which neurotransmitter has a direct effect on opening chloride channels? 29) ______ A) dopamine

B) norepinephrine

C) serotonin

D) GABA

E) endorphins

D) GABA 

30) What types of glands are found in the skin? (Figure 5-1) 30) ______ A) mucus glands and submucosal glands

B) endocrine glands and salivary glands

C) cerumen glands and endocrine glands

D) sebaceous glands and sweat glands

E) salivary glands and submucosal glands

D) sebaceous glands and sweat glands

31) The cutaneous plexus is 31) ______

A) a network of nerves in the cutaneous membrane.

B) a network of arteries in the epidermis.

C) a deep network of dermal arteries along the boundary of the reticular layer.

D) a neural plexus responsible for deep pressure.

E) a superficial network of dermal arteries.

C) a deep network of dermal arteries along the boundary of the reticular layer. 

32) ________ provide information about the external environment. 32) ______

A) Spinal nerves

B) Anaxonic neurons

C) Exteroceptors

D) Proprioceptors

E) Internoceptors

Exteroceptors

33) A postsynaptic neuron will have an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) when 33) ______

A) more calcium ions than usual diffuse into the neuron.

B) chemically regulated sodium channels are open and sodium is diffusing into the cell.

C) more potassium ions than usual diffuse out of the neuron.

D) chemically regulated potassium channels are open and potassium is diffusing out of the cell. E) the neuron is hyperpolarized.

B) chemically regulated sodium channels are open and sodium is diffusing into the cell. 

34) The tough superficial layer of the epidermis is known as the stratum 34) ______

A) lucidum.

B) corneum.

C) granulosum.

D) basale.

E) spinosum.

corneum

35) When cholinergic receptors are stimulated, 35) ______

A) chloride ions enter the postsynaptic neuron.

B) sodium ions leave the postsynaptic neuron.

C) norepinephrine deactivates acetylcholine.

D) chloride ions leave the postsynaptic neuron.

E) sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron.

E) sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron. 

36) After acetylcholinesterase acts, the synaptic terminal 36) ______

A) reabsorbs the choline.

B) reabsorbs axoplasm.

C) reabsorbs the acetate.

D) reabsorbs the acetylcholine.

E) pinches off and a new terminal grows.

A) reabsorbs the choline. 

37) Puffer fish poison blocks voltage-gated sodium channels like a cork. What effect would this neurotoxin have on the function of neurons? 37) ______

A) Action potentials would lack a repolarization phase.

B) The absolute refractory period would be shorter than normal.

C) Neurons would depolarize more rapidly.

D) The axon would be unable to generate action potentials.

E) None, because the chemically gated sodium channels would still function.

D) The axon would be unable to generate action potentials. 

38) The highest concentration of merocrine sweat glands is found 38) ______

A) on the palms of the hands.

B) on the chest.

C) on the upper back.

D) surrounding the genitals.

E) in the axillae.

A) on the palms of the hands. 

39) Which type of synapse is most common in the nervous system? 39) ______

A) radiative

B) processing

C) electrical

D) chemical

E) mechanical

chemical

40) Jaundice is indicated by a(n) ________ skin coloration. 40) ______

A) orange B) brown C) yellowish D) bluish E) reddish

yellowish

41) The visual cortex is located in the 41) ______

A) parietal lobe.

B) occipital lobe.

C) temporal lobe.

D) frontal lobe.

E) insula.

B) occipital lobe. 

42) The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates ________ cells. 42) ______ A) skeletal muscle

B) glandular

C) heart muscle

D) smooth muscle

E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct. 

43) The pineal gland is part of the 43) ______

A) brainstem.

B) diencephalon.

C) midbrain.

D) medulla oblongata.

E) hypothalamus.

diencephalon

44) ________ are the most numerous type of neuron in the CNS. 44) ______

A) Bipolar neurons

B) Unipolar neurons

C) Sensory neurons

D) Interneurons

E) Motor neurons

Interneurons

45) ________ monitor the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems. 45) ______ A) Exteroceptors

B) Internoceptors

C) Spinal nerves

D) Proprioceptors

E) Unipolar neurons

Internoceptors

46) Which of the following types of nerve fiber possesses the fastest speed of impulse propagation? 46) ______ A) type A B) type B C) type C D) type D E) type E

 type A

47) In most cases, the general interpretive center and the speech center are located in 47) ______ A) both of the cerebral hemispheres.

B) neither of the cerebral hemispheres.

C) the cerebellum.

D) the left cerebral hemisphere.

E) the right cerebral hemisphere.

D) the left cerebral hemisphere. 

48) Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occurred because 48) ______ A) the epidermis of the skin has a rich supply of small blood vessels.

B) stem cells persist in the skin even after injury.

C) cells of the stratum basale cannot migrate to other positions in the skin.

D) fibroblasts in the dermis can give rise to new germinal cells in the epidermis.

E) contraction in the area of the injury brings cells of adjacent strata together.

B) stem cells persist in the skin even after injury. 

49) The cranial nerve that has three major branches is the49) ______

A) vagus.

B) glossopharyngeal.

C) facial.

D) abducens.

E) trigeminal.

trigeminal

50) In a penetrating wound, ________ divide to produce mobile cells that repair the dermis. 50) ______ A) macrophages

B) muscle cells

C) dendritic cells

D) granulation cells

E) fibroblasts

fibroblasts

51) Which sensation(s) does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry? 51) ______

D) hearing and balance 

52) The following are the steps involved in transmission at a cholinergic synapse. What is the correct sequence for these  events? 

1. Chemically-gated sodium channels on the postsynaptic membrane are activated. 

2. Calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal. 

3. Acetylcholinesterase hydrolyzes acetylcholine. 

4. An action potential depolarizes the synaptic terminal at the presynaptic membrane. 

5. The pre-synaptic terminal reabsorbs choline. 

6. Acetylcholine is released from storage vesicles by exocytosis. 

7. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. 

8. Calcium ions are removed from the cytoplasm of the pre- synaptic terminal. 52) ______ 

D) 4, 2, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5 

53) Which of the following is the primary second messenger in G-protein coupled post-synaptic cells? 53) ______ A) GABA B) cAMP C) ATP D) NO E) CO

cAMP

54) Synaptic delay is caused by 54) ______

A) production and transport of neurotransmitter within the neuron.

B) binding of acetylcholine to post-synaptic receptors.

C) neurotransmitter diffusion.

D) the lack of permeability of the post-synaptic membrane.

E) calcium influx and neurotransmitter release.

E) calcium influx and neurotransmitter release.