IBGP- POWER

What is power?

The ability to influence other groups in politics to achieve outcomes.

What is hard power?

Achieving aims through force.

How did the EU and UK use hard power against Russia?

They banned seaborne imports of crude oil as it funded the invasion of Ukraine.

What is soft power?

Achieving aims through persuasion or influence.

What is an example of soft power?

Diplomatic negotiations between P5+1 and Iran on nuclear weapons.

What is a con of soft power?

Consistency and patience are needed.

What is a pro of soft power?

It serves as an attractive example for states and societies that lack democratic institutions.

What is military power?

Essential for hard power; it is the ultimate means to force.

How is military power measured?

By the number of soldiers, money spent on self-defense, and GDP spent.

What kind of states spend a high amount of GDP on self-defense?

Unstable states.

Why is military power not useful?

Due to the rise of globalization, soft power, new technology, IGOs, and newer means of conflict resolution.

How are military power and soft power used together?

They can be used for humanitarian objectives.

What can military power equal?

Economic power.

How can some states use economic power as hard power?

Through sanctions.

What are ways to measure economic power?

GDP and economic growth percentage.

What is structural power?

States push political ideologies and frameworks.

What is an example of structural power?

The Cold War.

What is relational power?

The use of relationships to influence and change behavior.

What are the three types of relational power?

Threats and rewards, controlling the agenda, and establishing preferences.

What do threats and rewards mean in relational power?

Encouragement.

What does controlling the agenda mean in relational power?

Limitation of voice.

What does establishing preferences mean in relational power?

Getting other states to want the same goals.

What is social and cultural power?

Globalization has made it possible to export resources and connect diverse populations at a human level.

What is cyber power?

Empowering groups at both state and individual levels.

What did Wikileaks do?

Leaked a large volume of US government information.

What are resources to measure power?

Size of armies, economies, and populations.

What are behavioral outcomes to measure power?

The effect a state has when using its power.

What is distribution of power?

Looking at world politics as a whole, indicating stability and imbalances.

What is realism in political theory?

The belief that the world is chaotic and countries must always fight for power to stay safe.

What is liberalism in political theory?

The belief that countries can achieve more by working together.

Who are considered rising powers?

Brazil, India, and China.

How is the USA described as a superpower in decline?

Due to the financial crisis.

Who is increasing in power?

Terrorist and non-state groups.

What is sovereignty?

A state's ability to rule itself.

What do sovereign states have a lot of?

Authority and control over what happens within their borders.

What is internal sovereignty?

A state's ability to govern itself independently with full control of its borders.

What is external sovereignty?

How states interact externally with other states and IGOs.

How is state sovereignty related to legitimacy?

It concerns whether other states recognize it as a state.

Why may Palestine not be sovereign?

It claims to be a state but is not acknowledged as one by IGOs.

What should sovereign states have?

A permanent population, defined territory and borders, and effective government.

Who agrees on the legitimacy of state borders?

The United Nations.

What is a referendum?

When people vote to decide on a particular subject rather than voting for an individual or political party.

Why might state sovereignty erode?

Due to increased globalization.

What do realists believe about sovereignty being eroded?

That sovereignty is the most important actor in global politics.

What do liberals believe about sovereignty being eroded?

That states cooperate more for enhanced security rather than focusing solely on defense.

What would realists say about sovereignty?

It should be defended absolutely as a major principle and breaching should only occur if national integrity requires it.

What is an example of breaching sovereignty?

The USA's reluctance to intervene in the Rwanda genocide but intervening in Iran due to security threats.

What do liberals say about sovereignty?

It's important but not exclusive.

What is the most common mode of government?

Democracy.

What is interdependence?

When groups in global politics rely on each other, sharing interests and impacts.

What is economic interdependence?

When states trade with each other, relying on each other's successes and failures.

What is political interdependence?

Where a state's political decisions impact other states.

What are intergovernmental organizations?

Organizations formed as states become more interdependent in a globalized world.

What are reasons for joining IGOs?

To persuade, group for control, resolve issues, and protect power.

How many members does the UN have?

193.

What are the objectives of the UN?

Promoting global peace and security, protecting human rights, advancing development, and tackling climate change.

What do economic IGOs do?

Spread economic development, assist states in financial trouble, and advise on development.

What are the main economic IGOs?

World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, and World Bank.

What is collective security of IGOs?

Joining together to improve, protect, and unite.

What is NATO?

A security alliance formed post-Cold War.

What is a hybrid IGO?

An organization with multiple functions.

What do liberals think about global governance?

It is a key priority allowing states to solve issues.

What do realists think about global governance?

National interests should be prioritized, though sometimes IGOs can help.

What is a strategic alliance?

When states choose reliable and profitable allies to achieve goals and protect interests.

What is legitimacy?

The acceptance of a group or action often by conforming to laws or democratic principles.

What does sovereignty relate to?

Recognition.

What does authority not equal?

Legitimacy.

What makes a government legitimate?

If the government follows the constitution and the will of the people.

How is democracy legitimate?

Through an electoral process and constitution; legitimacy stems from adherence to these rules.

What is the role of the executive?

To produce policy ideas and implement them.

What is the role of the legislature?

To vote on whether policies should become laws.

What is the role of the judiciary?

To ensure that proposed laws are upheld.

What are legitimate NGOs?

Organizations that are well-funded and perform actions benefiting people.

What are MNCs?

Multinational Corporations that gain legitimacy through favorable tax conditions.

How can extremist groups gain legitimacy?

By gaining support from the people.

What is legitimacy of actions?

Actions that are recognized as acceptable by the UN Security Council.