FINAL 3.1 - PEPTIDE HORMONES AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (PH 111.1)

Body system that uses chemical messengers (hormones) that are released to the blood

Endocrine system

From the Greek word “horman”; mammalian metabolites that are produced by endocrine or ductless glands

Hormones

Lipid-soluble; derived from cholesterol; diffuse through cell membrane (Types of hormones)

Steroid hormone

Testosterone, progesterone, cortisol (Types of hormones)

Steroid hormones

Water-soluble; cannot penetrate the cell membrane (Types of hormones)

Amino acid derived hormones

Pair of small glands located at the superior medial aspect of each kidney (Major endocrine glands)

Adrenal glands/Suprarenal glands

2 distinct parts of adrenal glands (AA)

Adrenal cortex, Adrenal medulla

Secretes steroid hormones like cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone (Parts of adrenal glands)

Adrenal cortex

Secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol) (Regions of adrenal cortex)

Zona fasciculata

Secretes mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) (Regions of adrenal cortex)

Zona glomerulosa

Secretes gonadocorticoids (Regions of adrenal cortex)

Zona reticularis

Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (Parts of adrenal gland)

Adrenal medulla

Elicits vasoconstriction and vasopressor effects; useful in alleviating asthmatic attacks (Hormones)

Epinephrine

Epinephrine is metabolically inactivated by the enzymes ___________ and __________ (MC)

Monoamine oxidase (MAO), Catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT)

Has beta-receptor adrenergic activity (Hormones)

Epinephrine

A predominantly alpha-receptor adrenergic agonist; used as a peripheral vasoconstrictor (Hormones)

Norepinephrine/Levarterenol

Used as treatment for cardiac decompensation and acute hypotension (Hormones)

Dopamine

Dopamine at __________ doses elicit alpha receptor effects (vasoconstriction and increased BE)

Higher

Dopamine at __________ doses produces vasodilation including the kidneys, resulting in increased urinary flow

Low

Located inferior to the larynx and attached to the trachea (Major endocrine glands)

Thyroid glands

2 components required to make thyroid hormones (IT)

Iodine, Thyroglobulin

Obtained from diet (Components required to make thyroid hormones)

Iodine

Produced by thyroid follicular cells (Components required to make thyroid hormones)

Thyroglobulin

2 thyroid hormones (TT)

Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4)

Regulation of thyroid hormone starts at the __________

Hypothalamus

Underactive thyroid; may be caused by iodine deficiency and lack of precursor hormones (Thyroid diseases)

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism may result in ___________ in infants and ___________ in adults (CM)

Cretinism, Myxedema

Thyroid hyperactivity; results in thyrotoxicosis characterized by increased heart rate (Thyroid diseases)

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is called __________ if accompanied by protrusion of the eyeballs (exophthalmos)

Grave’s/Basedow’s disease

Is the cleaned, dried, and powdered thyroid gland previously deprived of connective tissue and fat (Thyroid products)

Thyroid

Contains NLT 0.085% and NMT 0.125% of total thyroxine and triiodothyronine, and the ratio of thyroxine to triiodothyronine is NLT 5 (Thyroid products)

Thyroid

Used for hypothyroidism; dose is 15-180 mg daily (Thyroid products)

Thyroid

Prescription products include Thyrar, S-P-T, and Thyro-Teric (Thyroid products)

Thyroid

Obtained by fractionation of porcine thyroid gland (Sus scrofa); contains thyroxine and triiodothyronine in a ratio of NLT 2.8 (Thyroid products)

Thyroglobulin

Used in essentially the same manner as thyroid; dose is 16-200 mg (Thyroid products)

Thyroglobulin

Prescription product is Proloid (Thyroid products)

Thyroglobulin

Sodium salt of the levo isomer of thyroxine (Thyroid products)

Sodium levothyroxine

Used for replacement therapy of reduced or completely absent thyroid function; usual dose is 25-300 mcg once a day (Thyroid products)

Sodium levothyroxine

Sodium salt of the of the levorotatory isomer of 3,3’,5-triiodothyronine (Thyroid products)

Sodium liothyronine

Used for the same purposes as sodium levothyroxine; usual dose is 5-100 mcg once a day (Thyroid products)

Sodium liothyronine

Is a 4:1 mixture of synthetic sodium levothyroxine and sodium liothyronine; closely resembles endogenous thyroid secretion (Thyroid products)

Liotrix

Salt of the synthetically prepared dextrorotatory isomer of thyroxine; effective in a high dose up to 8 mg in the treatment of hypothyroidism (Thyroid products)

Sodium dextrothyroxine

Situation in a small cavity in the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull; came from the Latin word “pituita” which means slime or mucus (Major thyroid glands)

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

2 lobes of the pituitary gland (AP)

Anterior lobe, Posterior lobe

Referred to as the “master gland” because together with the hypothalamus it regulates endocrine functions (Lobes of pituitary gland)

Anterior lobe (Adenohypophysis)

Produces six major hormones, prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (Lobes of pituitary gland)

Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)

Secretes ADH and oxytocin (Lobes of pituitary gland)

Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

A straight-chain polypeptide containing 39 amino acid residues (Anterior pituitary lobe hormones)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)/Corticotropin

A sterile preparation of the peptide hormone that is derived from the pituitary of mammals used for food by humans (ACTH products)

Corticotropin injection

Corticotropin solution in a partially hydrolyzed gelatin; has a prolonged therapeutic effect (ACTH products)

Respiratory corticotropin injection

A synthetically prepared peptide subunit of corticotropin and is used as a diagnostic aid in suspected adrenal insufficiency (ACTH products)

Cosyntropin

A gonad stimulating polypeptide hormone obtained from the urine of pregnant women; used to treat infertility (Anterior pituitary lobe hormones)

Chorionic gonadotropin (HCG/Choriogonadotropin)

A purified preparation of gonadotropins obtained from the urine of postmenopausal women; used to enhance fertility and stimulate spermatogenesis (Anterior pituitary lobe hormones)

Menotropins/Urogonadotropin

A synthetic decapeptide that is identical to the gonadotropin releasing factor of the hypothalamus; used diagnostically in suspected gonadotropin; usual test dose is 100 mcg IV/SC deficiency (Anterior pituitary lobe hormones)

Gonadorelin

Stimulates linear growth of bones during development (Anterior pituitary lobe hormones)

Growth hormone/Somatropin/Somatotropin

Condition where there is hypofunction of growth hormone in children; have abnormally short stature with normal body proportions (Pituitary gland diseases)

Pituitary dwarfism/Dwarfism

Condition where there is atrophy of extremities in adults; there is low GH (Pituitary gland diseases)

Acromicria

It is obtained from bovine glands; used primarily as a diagnostic aid in evaluating thyroid function, including distinction between primary and secondary hypothyroidism (Anterior pituitary lobe hormones)

Thyrotropin

Hormone identical to the thyrotropin-releasing factor from the hypothalamus; used to distinguish between secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism

Protirelin

Uterine-stimulating fraction; allows the uterus to contract, release milk from the breast, and is present during ejaculation in males (Posterior pituitary lobe hormones)

Oxytocin (α-hypophamine)

Is the antidiuretic principle; the pressor effects of this hormone are observed only when large quantities are administered (Posterior pituitary lobe hormones)

Vasopressin (B-hypophamine)

Injection used to control neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus; also used as a peristaltic stimulant and to control acute hemorrhage

Vasopressin injection

Synthetically prepared peptide hormone; available as a nasal spray for treatment of diabetes insipidus (Posterior pituitary lobe hormones)

Lypressin/Lysine-vasopressin

Synthetic analog of arginine-vasopressin; long DOA; used for the same purposes as vasopressin (Posterior pituitary lobe hormones)

Desmopressin (1-deamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin)

Has two main functions: helps in digestion (exocrine) and regulates blood sugar (endocrine) (Major endocrine glands)

Pancreas

Endocrine component of the pancreas that produces the hormonal substances

Islets of Langerhans

2 main pancreatic hormones (IG)

Insulin, Glucagon

Formed by B-cells (Pancreatic hormones)

Insulin

Produced by the a-cell (Pancreatic hormones)

Glucagon

Elicits a hyperglycemic response by increasing adenyl cyclase; a key factor in glycogenolysis (Pancreatic hormones)

Glucagon

Its hypoglycemic action appears to involve glucokinase, membrane transport, and other factors associated with glucose metabolism (Pancreatic hormones)

Insulin

Condition that involves hypofunctioning pancreas which results in insulin deficiency; first described by Auretaeus as a siphoning flesh in the urine (Pancreatic diseases)

Diabetes mellitus

A polypeptide hormone identical to human glucagon that increases blood glucose; used in the treatment of severe hypoglycemia (Pancreatic hormone products)

Glucagon for injection

A prompt-acting preparation with a peak of action at 2-5 hours; preparation of choice when glucose tolerance fluctuates rapidly (Pancreatic hormone products)

Insulin injection/Insulin

A sterile suspension, in a phosphate buffer, of insulin modified by the addition of zinc chloride and protamine (Pancreatic hormone products)

Protamine zinc insulin suspension/Protamine zinc insulin

Prepared from the sperm or from the mature testes of fish belonging to the Genus Oncorhynchus or Salmo (Fam: Salmonidae)

Protamine

A crystalline suspension of insulin with protamine and zinc, providing an intermediate acting insulin with onset of action in 1-3 hours and duration of action up to 24 hours (Pancreatic hormone products)

Isophane insulin suspension/Isophane insulin/NPH insulin

An intermediate acting insulin; suspended in an acetate buffer to provide prolonged duration of action (Pancreatic hormone products)

Insulin zinc suspension/Lente insulin

A sterile suspension in an acetate buffer and modified by the addition of zinc chloride (crystalline); longer DOA; the DOA persists over 36 hours (Pancreatic hormone products)

Extended insulin zinc suspension/Ultralente insulin

A sterile suspension in an acetate buffer and modified by the addition of zinc chloride (amorphous); shorter DOA (Pancreatic hormone products)

Prompt insulin zinc suspension/Semilente insulin

Situated upon or embedded in the dorsal surface of the thyroid gland; exert a hormonal control over calcium metabolism (Major endocrine glands)

Parathyroid glands

Condition if serum calcium falls from normal (Parathyroid gland diseases)

Tetany

Parathyroid hyperfunction; characterized by bone pain and marked elevation of calcium with a fall in serum phosphate (Parathyroid gland diseases)

Recklinghausen’s disease of bone (Osteitis fibrosa cystica)

A straight-chain polypeptide containing 83-amino acid residues; used parenterally in medicine for blood-calcium maintenance in cases of parathyroid tetany (Parathyroid gland hormones)

Parathyroid hormone/Parathyrin

Analog that may be used as a substitute for PTH; may be given orally

Dihydrotachysterol

Produced by the parafollicular or C-cells of the thyroid gland; used to treat Paget’s disease (osteitis deformans) and postmenopausal osteoporosis (Thyroid gland hormones)

Calcitonin

__________ lowers calcium levels in the blood by reducing the release of calcium from bones (Thyroid gland hormones)

Calcitonin

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) (Endocrine gland)

Hypothalamus

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (Endocrine gland)

Hypothalamus

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (Endocrine gland)

Hypothalamus

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) (Endocrine gland)

Hypothalamus

Somatostatin (Endocrine gland)

Hypothalamus

Meaning of CRH

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Meaning of GnRH

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Meaning of TRH

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Meaning of GHRH

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

Stimulates the pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (Hypothalamus hormone)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Stimulates the pituitary to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (Hypothalamus hormone)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Stimulates the pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (Hypothalamus hormone)

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Stimulates the release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary (Hypothalamus hormone)

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) )