AP World History: Unit 4 Notes

What were major medical advances in the Dar al Islam?

The preservation of Greco-Roman philosophy and literature, advances in mathematics and astronomy.

What key inventions originated from China?

Gunpowder, magnetic compass, moveable type, and paper.

What are the significant contributions of the Renaissance in Europe?

Humanism, Enlightenment, scientific revolution, and the printing press.

What helped increase Indian Ocean commerce?

Mariners' understanding of monsoon winds.

Which ships were used in maritime exploration by different cultures?

Chinese junks and Indian/Arab dhows.

What tool was used to calculate latitude during voyages?

Astrolabes allowed navigators to measure their distance from Polaris.

What motivated European exploration in the 15th century?

The 3 G's: God, gold, and glory.

Who was Henry the Navigator?

A Portuguese prince who led exploration efforts and taught navigation techniques.

What was the significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas?

It divided the New World between Spain and Portugal to resolve territorial disputes.

What did the Columbian Exchange contribute to Europe?

Transformed diets, introduced new food crops, and provided a source of wealth.

What was the role of cartographers during European exploration?

They created maps essential for navigation despite their inaccuracies.

What system replaced the Encomienda system in colonial Latin America?

The Hacienda system.

What was the impact of the Great Dying?

Massive population loss of indigenous peoples due to European diseases.

What did the term 'chattel slavery' mean?

A form of slavery where individuals were treated as property.

What characterized the Middle Passage?

The brutal transport of enslaved Africans to the Americas.

How did European colonization affect African societies?

It disrupted social structures and led to political unrest and economic stagnation.

What was the goal of mercantilism?

To gain economic advantage for the mother country through colonial exploitation.