History of Corrections and Incarceration

Flashcards covering key terms and definitions related to the history of corrections and incarceration, as outlined in the provided lecture notes.

Corrections

The branch of the criminal justice system that deals with the management and rehabilitation of individuals convicted of crimes.

Pennsylvania System

The first penitentiary system implemented in the United States, characterized by separate confinement.

Auburn Correctional Facility

A facility that implemented the congregate system where inmates worked during the day and were isolated at night.

Rehabilitation Model

A model of corrections that focuses on rehabilitating offenders rather than punishing them.

Community Model

A correctional approach emphasizing reintegration of offenders into society through community-based programs.

Private Prisons

Facilities operated by private entities under contract with the government, designed for profit.

Eighth Amendment

Part of the United States Constitution that prohibits cruel and unusual punishment.

Recidivism

The tendency of previously incarcerated individuals to reoffend and return to prison.

Restorative Justice

An approach to justice that focuses on repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior through reconciliation with victims.

Juvenile Justice System

The legal framework governing the treatment of minors who have committed offenses.

Cybercrime

Criminal activities that target or utilize computers or computer networks.

Organized Crime

A structured group of individuals engaged in illegal activities for profit, often involving corruption and violence.

Mass Murder

The act of killing multiple people in a single event, typically occurring at one location.

Serial Murder

The unlawful killing of three or more victims over an extended period, characterized by a cooling-off phase between murders.

Lone Actor Terrorism

Acts of violence committed by individuals without direct support from organized groups, often fueled by personal ideologies.

Terrorism

The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government or the civilian population.

Cognitive Dissonance

A psychological theory that describes the mental discomfort experienced when holding two or more conflicting beliefs.

Differential Association Theory

A theory that explains how individuals learn deviant behavior through their interactions with others.

Probation

A court-ordered period of supervision in the community, as an alternative to incarceration.