ap psy test- makeup from break

Conformity

adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Which factors encourage conformity?

-feeling insecure or uncertain

-in a group of 3+

-safety

-unanimous agreement among others

obedience

complying with a direct order from someone perceived as an authority figure

social norms

unspoken, informal rules that define what kind of behavior is appropriate in given situation

Social influence theory

People adjust their behaviors and attitudes based on the influence of others

Normative

Going along with others in pursuit of social approval or avoiding disapproval/rejection

like wearing clothes similar to your friends

Informational

Going along with others because their ideas and behavior make sense

like deciding which side of the road to drive on

Elaboration likelihood model

People vary in willingness and ability to scrutinize an argument or position

Central route persuasion

Attitudes influenced by logical arguments

like high elaboration; facts and stats

Peripheral route persuasion

Being influenced by incidental cues

like low elaboration; feelings

Halo effect

Cognitive bias in which our overall impression of a person or thing is based on a single trait or attribute

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

Tendency for people who have agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger one

door-in-the-face technique

following up an extravagant request with a reasonable one such that the (guilty) subject complies

social psychology

The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another

social thinking

perception of selfs and others; beliefs and judgments

explanatory style

a person’s tendency to explain the cause of events in their life

pessimistic style

setbacks viewed as personal, permanent, and persuasive

optimistic style

setbacks viewed as temporary and isolated, may attribute bad experiences to bad luck

personalization

do I internalize or externalize the cause of this event? (is it me)

permanence

do I think the cause of this event is something permanent or temporary?

pervasiveness

does the cause of this event cause other events in my life

person perception

the process of forming impressions of others

attribution theory

tendency to give a casual explanation for behavior (our own or others)

we believe behavior is caused by personality or situation

attribute

quality or characteristics considered an inherent part of someone or something

dispositional attributions

behavior due to personal traits, feelings

situational attributions

behavior due to the environment

fundamental attribution error

underestimating the impact of the situation and overestimating the impact of personality when explaining another person’s action

actor-observer bias

a cognitive bias where people tend to attribute their own actions differently than they attribute the actions of others (negative actions)

personal control

our sense of control vs helplessness over our environment/ situation

internal locus of control

I believe I control my fate

external locus of control

chance or outside forces control my fate

social comparison

evaluating oneself by comparing with others

upward

comparing with someone better

downward

comparing with someone “worse”

relative deprivation

thinking you are worse off than who you compare yourself to

mere exposure effect

when repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking

self-fulling prophecy

behaving in ways that reinforce your beliefs and actions, causing them to come true

Stereotypes

are a (usually) unconscious shortcut to reduce our cognitive load (info taking up space in working memory

Prejudice

Preconceived, typically negative attitude (general feeling) toward a specific group and its members

Prejudice Implicit

: unconscious attitudes  about a stereotyped group that operate automatically, outside of conscious awareness

Prejudice explicit

Conscious and openly expressed negative attitudes about a stereotyped group; these are deliberate and can be verbalized

Discrimination

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members (prejudice + action)

the just word hypothesis of the phenomenon

is when a person sees the world as a fair place

-good things happen to good people

ethnocentrism

we tend to see our ethnicity or social group ad being the correct & most just compared to other groups

ingroup

those with who you share a common idenity

outgroup

disparaging those outside your group

in-group bias

tendency to favor ones’ own group

outgrip homogeneity bias

perceiving out-group members as more similar than they truly are

confirmation bias

only seeking information that is likely to support ones decisions and/or beliefs

belief perservance

our tendency to maintain a belief even when faced with contradictory evidence

cognitive dissonance

discomfort caused by inconsistency between our thoughts or our actions (beliefs and behaviors don’t align)

ways to reduce dissonance

adding a change in a belief

rationalizing the behavior

changing behavior

Ash conformity study

test the idea of conformity

The number of participants who conformed when all conferees gave the wrong answer

confederates- an experimenter faking at being a participant

The number of people who were willing to give the wrong answer increased at 3 people

milgram shock experiment

learner pretends to get shocked & feel pain

experimenter- asks questions, urges subject to continue

subject- participants giving shocks

every participants shocked the learner at least once

social inhibition

performing worse on a task in front of others (occurs with complicated or new tasks)

social loafing

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort together compared to when each person is individually accountabe

altruism

an unselfish regard for the welfare of others, or engaging in acts of kindness without expecting anything in return

social responsibility norm

the expectation that people will help those in need of help

bystander effect

tendency to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

diffusion of responsibility

dividing the feeling of responsibility by the number of people present

superordinate goals

a shared goal that overrides differences among people and requires their cooperation

social trap

a person or group of people actively works to attain a short-term goal, which will ultimately have long-term consequences for the larger population

false consensus effect

a cognitive bias where individuals overestimate the extent to which opinions or behaviors are shared by others

groupthink

when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives

group polarization

when the decisions and opinions of people in a group setting become more extreme than their actual, privately held beliefs after group discussions

deindividuation

loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity (impulsive, less need for social approval)

social facilitation

performing better on task in front of others

social-cognitive theory of personality

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people and their social context (environment)

reciprocal determinism

thoughts, behaviors, and environment continuously interact with each other

Behavior is not only caused by personality or the environment

self-concept- perception of self

beliefs, attitudes, feelings about myself

how I see myself

self-esteem- self worth

personal evaluation of my worth

pride in myself as a human being, valuable

self-efficacy-ability to succeed

confidence I can perform a specific behavior or achieve a desired outcome

trait

a characteristic pattern of behavior

big five trait theory

suggests that personality can be fully described using five primary traits

-openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

personality inventory

a psychological test designed to assess a wide range of personality traits, allowing for the evaluation of multiple traits simultaneously

self-serving bias

good stuff- because im smart and good

bad stuff- because my situation and im unlucky

implicit attitudes

unconscious, automatic evaluations toward people, objects, or concepts, often formed through past experiences and social influences.

social reciprocity norm

where people feel obligated to return favors, gifts, or kind acts

free association

a method of exploring the unconscious by relaxing & saying whatever comes to mind

dream analysis

1. share dream

2. explore symbols through free association

3. therapist offers interpretation of latent content

personality

an individual’s unique pattern of thoughts,

projective assessments pros and cons

pros- Less face validity (harder to “cheat”), More flexibility (unlimited answers)

cons-Limited reliability and validity, Subjective scoring, Influence of the psychologist

Projective Assessments: Rorschach Inkblot

Analyzes client’s interpretations of inkblots to identify their inner feelings they projected onto the blot

psychodynamic theory

behavior is influenced by unconscious thoughts, feelings, and conflicts

-childhood experiences

The unconscious- Fred:

a reservoir of unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories

the unconscious- contemporary

information processing of which people are unaware

the unconscious- Id/ego/superego

id- pleasure

ego-reality

superego-morality

defense mechanisms

Was that ego unconsciously distorting reality to reduce anxiety and protect itself

denial

refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant

displacement

transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto a more acceptable or less threatening target

projection

attributing unacceptable desires to others

rationalization

justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less accurate real reasons

reaction formation

reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contracy to your own beliefs

regression

returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development

repression

suppressing painful memories and thoughts

sublimation

redirecting unacceptable desires though socially acceptable channels

Psychoanalysis

Freud’s approach to psychotherapy and treating mental illness

Resilience

Ability to adapt and “bounce back” from challenges