BIOL 3012 Lab: Exam 4

week 10,

Clade Tetropoda

animals with 4 limbs

Tiktaalik

fossil discovered that showed semi-aquatic lifestyle

Animals within Amphibia

salamanders, frogs, caecilians

Amphibian adaptations for land

External gills, lungs, and 3 chambered heart; Lungs homologous to air bladder; Exhibit ectothermy; Paired fins evolved into 4 limbs

Chytridiomycosis

fungal disease that affects many species and individuals. Causes skin to become blocked/dry out

Amphibian life cycle

Eggs into aquatic larvae into terrestrial adults

Amphibian exceptions to reproducing via external fertilization

salamanders and newts

Amphibian reproduction

females lay eggs in water, males release sperm into the water

Amphibian circulation system

double circuit system: pulmonary and systematic

Amphibian chambers of the heart

2 atria, 1 ventricle

Amphibian respiration steps

Inflate buccal cavity, close nostrils and swallow air, push air into lungs

How amphibians respire

positive pressure breathing

Amphibian skin advantages

easy to hydrate, absorb oxygen in water, can secrete poisons (some)

Amphibian skin disadvantages

prone to desiccation when away from water, leaves it vulnerable to disease

Amphibian Urostyle

shock-absorbing pelvic basket

Frog skeletal adaptations

urostyle, long hind limbs

amniote

shelled eggs with amnion and yolk, internal fertilization

Clades that are amniotes

reptilia and aves

Number of chambers in reptilian hearts

3-4

type of reproduction in reptilia

internal, oviparous, eggs laid on land

oviparous definition

eggs are laid, young hatch outside mother

reptilia circulation

3 chambered heart with fully separated circulatory system

Reptilia Respiration

negative pressure breathing, lack diaphragms

reptilia adaptations for land

tough and protective skin, shelled eggs with amnion, internal fertilization, advanced respiratory systems

type of skull birds and reptiles have

diapsid skull

type of skull mammals have

synapsid skull

type of skull turtles have

anapsid skull

anapsid skull characteristics

no openings in temporal region

synapsid skull characteristics

one open in in temporal region

diapsid skull characteristics

two openings in temporal region

synapsid and diapsid benefits

openings decreases skull weight, more surface area for muscle attachment, more space for jaw muscles when mouth is closed

bird flight adaptations

forelimbs modified into wings, large flight muscles, hollow rigid bones, efficient respiratory system, high metabolic rate, no urinary bladders

bird respiration

Unidirectional air flow through lungs, Air sacs that store and pump air through lung

bird digestive system

Food enters through esophagus and is stored in the crop - Food moves into the proventriculus (1st stomach) as the first part of digestion - Food then enters the gizzard - Nutrient absorption through intestines, excretion through cloaca

mammalia adaptations for success

hair, placenta, mammary glands, specialized teeth, heterdonts

tubes that carry blood away from the heart

arteries

tubes that carry blood towards the heart

veins

mammals circulation

Pulmonary circuit brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to heart. Systemic circuit brings oxygenated blood to body and returns deoxygenated blood to heart

axial skeleton includes

skull, vertebrate, ribs, sternum

appendicular skeleton includes

pectoral and pelvic girdles, respective appendages

vertebrate order

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal

Prototheria

monotremes, non-placental, lay eggs

prototheria animals

echidnas and platypus

Metatheria

marsupials, short gestation period, pouch to nurse young, minimal placenta

Metatheria animals

kangaroos, opossums, koalas

Eutheria

fully placental, long gestation period, majority of mammals

Clades within Eutheria

Rodentia, Chiroptera, Eulipotyphla, Cetartiodactyla, Carnivora, Primates

Clade Rodentia characteristic and animal

single pair of gnawing incisors on upper and lower jaws, school mascot

Clade Chiroptera characteristic and animal

capable of flight, bats

Clade Eulipotyphla characteristic and animal

truly blind and fat, moles

Clade Cetartiodactyla

even-toed ungulates, whales and pigs

Clade Carnivora characteristic and animal

ancestrally carnivorous, cats and dogs

Clade Primates characteristic and animal

large brains and hands, humans and monkeys