Statistical Reasoning - GNED1101: Fall 2025

Vocabulary flashcards to reinforce key concepts in statistical reasoning.

Statistics

The science of collecting, organizing, and interpreting data.

Population

The complete set of people or things being studied.

Sample

A subset of the population used to obtain data.

Population Parameters

Specific numbers that describe characteristics of the population.

Sample Statistics

Numbers that describe characteristics of the sample, consolidated from raw data.

Descriptive Statistics

Statistics that summarize or describe the characteristics of a data set.

Inferential Statistics

Statistics that allow us to make inferences or generalizations about a population based on sample data.

Frequency Table

A table that lists categories of data and the number of occurrences in each category.

Relative Frequency

The fraction or percentage of the total that falls within a particular category.

Cumulative Frequency

The total number of data values in a category and all preceding categories.

Bar Graph

A graph that uses bars to represent the frequency of each category.

Grouped Frequency Distribution

A frequency distribution that organizes data into groups or classes.

Histogram

A bar graph where bars touch, representing frequency of continuous data.

Measures of Central Tendency

Measures that represent the center of a data set (mean, median, mode).

Mean

The average of a data set, calculated by dividing the sum of the data items by the number of items.

Median

The middle value in a data set when arranged in order.

Mode

The value that occurs most frequently in a data set.

Midrange

The average of the highest and lowest values in a data set.

Range

The difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set.

Standard Deviation

A measure of the dispersion of a set of data from its mean.

Z-score

A statistic that indicates how many standard deviations a data item is from the mean.

Correlation Coefficient (r)

A measure that describes the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.

Regression Line

A line that best fits the data points in a scatter plot, used for prediction.

Margin of Error

A measure of the uncertainty in a sample estimate.