PPL Stage Check 2

What certificates and documents are required to fly?

• Medical

• Gov Photo ID

• Pilot’s License

When does a Student Pilot Certificate expire?

Never

When does your PPL expire?

Never

What part outlines the eligibility for a student pilot’s lisence, and what part outlines the requirements for the application?

• 14 CFR 61.83

• 14 CFR 61.85

What FAR part is for PPL eligibility?

14 CFR 61.103

What is the FAR part for PPL Aeronautical Knowledge, Flight Proficiency, and Time Requirements?

61.105, 61.107, 61.109

What FAR part is it for PPL limitations and privileges?

FAR 61.113

What are all classes of medical and how long do they last for people over 40 and under 40, and limitations for each?

3rd Class Medical

• Under 40: 60 months

• Over 40: 24 Months

• Limited to PPL privileges

2nd Class Medical

• Under 40: 12 Months

• Over 40: 12 Months

• Limited to CPL privileges

1st Class Medical

• Under 40: 12 Months

• Over 40: 6 Months

• No limits

What do you do if you become ineligible for a medical?

You need to get a Statement of Demonstrated Ability from a Flight Standards District Office (FSDO.)

What is Basic Med?

It is an alternative to a medical that only requires you to have a valid photo ID.

What are the requirements to hold Basic Med?

• Hold a Gov. issued photo ID

• Must get Comprehensive Medical Examination Checklist checks from a state issued physician

• Need to take the FAA online course for Basic Med

• Must have the certificate from the course to fly

What are the limitations to Basic Med?

• A/C needs to be under 6k pounds

• No more than 7 occupants (including the pilot)

• Need to stay under FL180

• Cannot fly for hire

• No more than 250 KIAS

• No international flight

What is the difference between aviation safety and security?

• Safety

  • Preventing accidents from human error or mechanical failures

• Security

  • Preventing harm caused by individuals

What are the 4 steps to the proper exchange of controls?

• 4 Steps to exchange controls

  • Person being relieved of controls states, “Your controls”

  • Person taking controls states, “My controls”

  • Person being relieved of controls repeats, “Your controls” acknowledging the other crew member has taken controls

  • Person that no longer has controls visually ensures that other crew member is in control

What is the responsibility of the PIC, and what FAR part is it?

• FAR 91.3- PIC has the direct responsibility and authority for operating and safety of the aircraft

What is the meaning of Vx and Vy, and what speeds are they

Vx: 64 knts, it is the best angle of climb the speed that will give the most altitude in the shortest horizontal distance. usually used for short field ops.

Vy: 76 knts The best rate of climb or the speed that will give the most altitude in the shortest ammount of time. Used most of the time

What are all the ways you can obtain weather?

METAR, TAF, AWOS, ASOS, FSS (1800WXBREIF), PIREP, AIRMET, Aviationweather.gov, and Winds Aloft charts

What is a METAR?

It stands for Meterological Aerodrome Report, it gives current surface weather info outwards to 5nm from the center of the airport, and updates every hour

What does AO1 and AO2 mean in a METAR?

They are both precipitation sensors but only AO2 can differentiate between different types of precipitation

What is a SPECI?

It is a special meteorological report that is issued when unexpected weather occurs and pilots need to be informed about it.

What are all the cloud layers?

• SKC: Sky Clear

• FEW: Few clouds or 1/8-3/8 of the sky covered

• SCT: Scattered Clouds or 3/8-5/8 of the sky covered

• BKN: Broken clouds or 5/8-7/8 of the sky covered

• OVC: Overcast clouds or 7/8+ of the sky is covered

What is a TAF?

A Terminal Aerodrome forcast usually at large airports to predict weather conditions in the near future 5sm from the center of the airport. It is valid for 24 OR 30 hours, and it will be broken up into time segments.

What is a PIREP?

It is a report of actual weather conditions in the air made by a pilot. It will be either UA (Usual) or UUA (Urgent), and it will include time, place, altitude, aircraft type, and weather conditions such as turbulence, icing, cloud layers, and wind.

What is an AIRMET

This is a report issued by the national weather service to inform pilots of many different conditions. They are split into 3 groups:

Sierra

Tango

Or Zulu

What does a Sierra AIRMET tell you?

Areas with IFR conditions and Mountain Obstructions

What does a Tango AIRMET tell you?

Moderate turbulence areas

Non-convective LLWS

Surface winds 30knts or above

What does a Zulu AIRMET tell you?

Icing conditions, and freezing levels

What is a SIGMET

Notices issued by the NWS that outline Significant Meteorological Conditions and are valid for 4 hours, They are for all types of A/C and go over these weather conditions:

• Sev Icing

• Sev Turbulence

• CAT

• Volcanic ash

• Sandstorm

• Dust storm

What are convective SIGMETS?

They are outlines of significant meterological conditions that are convective. These are valid for 2 hours and go over these types of conditions:

• Sev Thunderstorm

  • Surface winds 50 knots or greater

• Hail at surface ¾ in or greater

• Tornadoes 

• Embedded thunderstorms

• Lines of thunderstorms (Greater than 60mi)

What is an AWOS?

They are automated weather observation systems that relay current weather information to pilots at an airport and update every minute. There are 5 types of AWOS:

AWOS A

AWOS 1

AWOS 2

AWOS 3

AWOS 3 PT

What info does an AWOS A Provide?

Altimiter

What info does an AWOS 1 Provide?

Altimiter, wind, temp/dew, and density alt.

What info does an AWOS 2 Provide?

Altimiter, wind, temp/dew, density alt, and visibility

What info does an AWOS 3 Provide?

Altimiter, wind, temp/dew, density alt, visibility, and cloud levels

What type of info does an AWOS 3 PT have?

Altimiter, wind, temp/dew, density alt, visibility, cloud info, thunderstorm info, and percip info.

What is an ASOS?

Automated Surface Observation System, a more advanced version of AWOS and is used to generate METARS

What is an FSS and how can you obtain weather from them?

A flight service station, it is a facility that provides essential services to pilots, and you can get Wx briefings from them by calling 1800WXBREIF

What are the 5 C’s of UIMC

Control (Ensure you are in control of the A/C)

Climb (Initiate a climb to evade terrain)

Course (Turn around 180 degrees to get out of the IMC conditions)

Communicate (Talk with ATC and they can vector you out if needed or give you instructions)

Comply (Comply with ATC instruction and escape the IMC conditions)

What is a runway incursion

A runway incursion is when you enter an active runway, on purpose or accidentally, that you did not have or had incorrect clearance to enter

What are the 4 types of runway incursions

Operation incidence

ATC messing up and giving you an incorrect runway clearance

Pilot deviation

Vehicle deviation

What are the levels of runway incursions

A- Barley avoided a collision

B- Significant potential for a collision

C- Ample time to avoid

D- No risk

What should a taxi brief include

Where you are starting

Route

Hold short points

Hotspots

Destination

What is the acronym for different types of class E airspace

S- Surface Area Designated for an Airport

E- Extension to a surface area

T-  Transition areas (The magenta faded line)

F- Federal Airways (4nm on each side)

O- Offshore airspace

O- On top of class A

D- Domestic areas 

What are all types of special use airspace

M- Military operating (IFR cannot go in) (Fighter jet training)

C- Controlled firing (Not Charted) (Areas where people shoot)

P- Prohibited

R- Restricted

A- Alert

W- Warning

N- National security (Airspace where there is a need for extra security) (Don't need to comply)

What are the 3 P’s and what are they used for?

Pecieve, process, and perform, used for preflight go or no go

What does PAVE mean and what is it used for

P-Pilot

A-Aircraft

V-Enviorment

E-External pressures

What is the acronym for aircraft documents

S-Supplemental type certificates

P-Placcards

A-Airworthiness

R-Registration(State expires every 1 year, federal expires every 7)

O-Operating Handbook

W-Weight and balance

What is the maintenance acronym for aircraft, and what is the one for bg

General:

G-GPS (Nav expires every 28 days, Obstacles expires every 56 days)

A-Airworthiness Directives

A-Annual

V-VOR (4 types of tests: Ground, Air, VOT, and dual) (Due every 30 days)

1:100 hour

A-Altimiter and pitot static(Due every 24 months)

T-Transponder (Due every 24 cal months)

E-ELT (Every 12 cal months)

BGSU’s:

P:Progressive matinence

A:Airworthiness directives

V: VOR

E:ELT

T: Transponder

A:Altimiter and pitot static

G: GPS

What are the required equipment acronyms for VFR day and night

Day:

A: Airspeed indicator

T: Tachometer

O: Oil press.

M: manifold press.

A: Altimiter

T: Temp gauge

O: Oil temp.

F: Fuel Guage

L: Landing gear pos. indicator

A: Anti-collision lights

M: Mag. compass

E: ELT

S: Saftey belts/harness

Night:

F:Fuses

L: Landing Light

A: Anti-collision light

P: Position Lights

S: Source of power

What does NWKRAFT stand for?

N: NOTAMS

W: Weather

K: Known ATC Delays

R: RWY Intended Use

A: Alternates

F: Fuel req.

T: T/O and Landing pref.

What is CARE as related to the process portion of the 3 P’s

C: Consequences

A: Alternatives

R: Reality

E: External Pressures

What does TEAM mean as relates to the perform part of the 3 P’s

Transfer

Eliminate

Acceptance

Mitigate

Used for hazard managment

What are the 5 P’s and when is it used?

Pilot

Plane

Plan

Passenger

Program

This is used for every prestage of flight (Pre taxi, takeoff, descent)

What is the DECIDE acronym, and when is it used

Detect

Estimate

Choose

Identify

Do

Evaluate

Used when an issue is detected

What are the 5 hazordous attitudes and their antidotes

Macho: Taking chances is foolish

Antiauthority: Follow the rules

Invulnerability: It can happen to me

Impulisvity: Not so fast, think first

Resignation: I can make a difference

What is CFIT, when does it happen, and how can it be prevented?

Controlled flight into terrain, it happens usually in UIMC, and can be prevented by maintaning situational awarness and making a plan before and clarifying minimum safe altitudes. MEF can help identify this

What are ways to maintain good risk managment, task managment, and situational awarness?

• Risk Management

  • Goal is to use proper decision making processes to make judgment to mitigate risk in flight

  • Don’t take any unnecessary risks

  • If you think it is dangerous do not do it

• Task management 

  • CRM- Crew Resource Management

    • Task management is one of the best parts of CRM

  • Time critical action priority

  • Aviate Navigate Communicate

• Situational Awareness

  • Stay ahead of the plane

    • Where will you be

    • What will you be doing

    • What is going to happen next

  • Keeping sterile cockpit

  • Monitor frequencies, and ADS-b

  • Know location at all times

What is Hypoxia, and what are the 4 types?

Hypoxia is a state of oxygen deficencey

• Hypoxic

  • Occurs when there is not enough o2 available in the atmosphere

  • Happens in high altitude/ unpressurized a/c

• Hypemic

  • Blood is not able to transport oxygen to cells in the body

  • Can happen due to smoking/ Carbon monoxide

• Stagnant

  • Body cannot circulate blood

  • Cold/G-forces

• Histotoxic

  • When body cells cannot use oxygen properly

  • Happens due to alcohol or drugs

What are some symptoms of hypoxia

• Blue fingertips, headache, delayed reactions, Poor judgment, visual impairment, drowsiness, tingling fingers, numbness, unconsciousness

What is hyperventilation, and what can prevent it?

Too much oxygen in the body, usually occurs due to stress, prevent by slowing breathing, talking aloud, or breathing into a paper bag

What are ear/sinus problems?

• Middle ear pressure being different than outside pressure

  • Can cause pain in ears/hearing loss

  • You can swallow

  • You can slow c/d rate

• Sinus problem

  • Same thing as above, free gas expands as air pressure decreases

  • If you have sinus problems do not fly

What is spacial disorientation, what are the 3 systems that orient you, and how can this be prevented?

• Spatial disorientation

  • Flying can cause bodily attitude indications to get confused especially in IMC

  • Vascular systems

    • Located in inner ear

    • 3 semi circular canals

  • Somatosensory systems

    • Nerves that determine position by sound along with gravity and feeling

  • Visual systems

    • Contain 80 % of processing

    • Not reliable in IMC

If you are disoriented, trust your instruments

What is motion sickness, when does it occur, and how can you fix it?

• Motion sickness

  • When your brain receives mixed signals about state of body

  • Happens when spatially disoriented and g forces

  • Symptoms

    • Nausea

  • Preventation

    • Open air vents

    • Look for horizon

What is CO, what are the symptoms, and how can you fix it?

• Look for horizon

• Carbon Monoxide poisoning

  • Colorless and odorless escaping through leaks in the gas pipe

  • Causes hypemic hypoxia

  • S: Headache, blurred vision, loss of muscle power, dizziness

  • P: O2, Open window, descend

What is stress, what causes it, and what are the 2 types

• Stress 

  • Natural, physical, and emotional reaction to challenges

  • Psychological Stress: Personal issues

  • Fatigue can cause it

  • Acute and Chronic

What is fatigue and what causes it

• Fatigue

  • Short and long term

  • Dehydration

    • Headache, nausea, fatigue, and thirst

  • Happens because of hot cockpit, sweat

What does scuba diving cause, what are some symptoms, and what can you do to prevent it

• Scuba Diving

  • Causes nitrogen in body that needs to be filtered out before flight

  • Can be really painful

  • Symptoms: Joint pail, fatigue, dizzy, and dead

  • Preventation: wait

  • 12 below, 24 above, 24 controlled 8k feet

Where is the brake and hydraulic systems located in the Archers?

The right of the Firewall

What is a winterization plate? What does it do?

Removable plate that can heat the engine during cold ops

How many spark plugs we got and what do they do?

We got 8, 2 per cylinder, and they ignite the fuel and air mix to produce power

What do the mags do, and how many are there?

They are engine driven mechanisms that provide power to the spark plugs even with no electricity, there are 2 the left and right and they each connect to every cylinder

What is the cam shaft, and how fast does it spin?

It opens and closes the fuel and air vents to the cylinders, and it spins at half the speed of the crankshaft

What is the P-Lead

The line from the magneto to the grounding source to ground the magneto

What is a magnometer?

A 3 axis device used for determining the heading of the plane

How many volts is the main battery, the emergency battery, and how many volts is the alternator

24, 24, 28

What are the 6 types of busses?

Hot bus

Essential bus

Lighting bus

Emergency bus: 7 things

• Pfd

• Eis

• Avionic dimming and lighting

• Com 1

• Audio

• Nav 1

• Standby instrument

Non-essential bus

Avionic unit bus

Wet sump vs Dry sump

Wet sumps are where the oil tank is an integral part of the engine compartment and is located right under the crankshaft

Dry sumps however have a separate oil tank outside of the engine and a return pipe

What is the fuel and oil systems page in the POH

7-48

What are the purposes of the oil system?

Cool, Clean, Seal, Lubricate 

What are the 3 different types of navigation?

Piolatage (Using visual references)

Dead Reckoning (Calculations)

Navigation aids

VOR

Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range. This nav aid is radio based on the ground and it sends out 2 signals to track it,

• A constant outbound signal on each degree of the compass called a radial used to follow a specific course on the VOR

• A rotating signal that acts like a radar signal that spins 360 degrees 30 times every second

Frequency Range of VORs:

• 108.0-117.95

Identifying:

• Morris code is used to ID a tuned VOR

What is a VOR/DME, and a VORTAC

• VOR/DME:

This is a VOR paired with Distance Measuring equipment, so you can not only track direction but also distance

• VORTAC

This is a TACAN or a tactical navigation system used by the military that can also be used by civillian traffic as a VOR

What is a No Voice VOR

A VOR with no morris code identifier, marked with a W before the name or an underlined name like: WFBC or FBC

What is an AWOS VOR

A VOR that also provides the AWOS when tuned, marked with an A before the Identifier: AFBC

What are the 2 limitation principals to VORs?

• Line of sight

The VOR signals do not travel through things such as trees so reception may be blocked if obstacles are close by

• Cone of Confusion

This is an 80 degree cone extending upwards from the VOR where if you are in it, the CDI will get a lot of mixed signals, and won’t be able to track your position relative to the VOR, causing no indication of to or from

What is the minimum operation network?

A network of VORs across the united states that the FAA has put in place for GPS outages so pilots will always be able to be within range of a VOR to land

CDI

This is an instrument in the airplane that indicates the planes position relative to the selected radial, and it has reverse sensing also no heading info

HSI

The same as a CDI but better, due to the heading indication and no reverse sensing

What is reverse sensing?

A phenomina where if you tune a radial that you are heading the opposite direction from, the CDI will not be able to tell the difference and the needle will deflect in the direction of deviation, not the direction of the radial

DME

This is Distance Measuring Equipment, also ground based and can be paired with a VOR. It gives you info on distance from the station, however it also tracks vertical distance so you will need to factor that in. Operates in the Ultra-High Frequency range

What are the WUPTA radials you need to tune when taking off?

RW28: Wupta, 230

RW18: Depart straight out

RW36: Depart on downwind

RW10: Wupta, 130

NDB

A ground based older navigation aid, indicated with the Automatic Direction Finder(ADF) and is not affected by obstacles

GPS

Sattalite based navigation system

• 1 sattelitte gives no info

• 2 satellites provides where you are

• 3 satellites provides 2d

• 4 satellites provides 3d

• 5 satellites gives RAIM 

WAAS: Wide area augmentation system

What are the supplemental oxygen recommendations at night, and why are they in place

Above 5k feet supplemental is reccomended

Not advised to fly above 10k feet

this is because eyes use more o2 at night

What is the acronym for all night illusions

• I- inversion

  • A quick transition to straight and level flight can give you the impression you are inverted

• C- corriolis

  • A sudden head movement can make you sense climbing or acceleration

• E- Elevator

  • When turbulence makes you think you are climbing or descending

• F- False horizon*

  • Things such as a sloping cloud formation, a string of lights in the distance, and certain geometric patterns of ground lights can give the sense that that is the actual horizon

• F- Flicker Vertigo*

  • Disorientation from flashing lights

• L- Leans

  • Slow or casual bank goes unnoticed and you think you are level

• A- Autokenisis

  • When a stationary light looks like its moving so you mistake it for a plane

• G- Graveyard spiral

  • When you get leans and pitch up and enter a spiral

• S- Somatogravic

  • Rapid accelerations and decelerations makes you think you are nose up or down

What are the runway illusions and how to prevent

Wider and upslope runways: Will make pilots think that they are lower than they actually are, resulting in a higher approach

Longer and downsloping runways can cause the illusion that the approach is higher than it is causing them to shoot it lower

Prevent by using PAPI, VASI, or any other approach slope indicators, and check instruments

What is altitude decompression sickness?

Natural gasses such as nitrogen coming out and forming bubbles in a low pressure enviorment, causing damage to the body

Causes joint pain, refered to as, “The Bends”

What is the relation between the C_L and AOA

The C_L will continue to increase until the C_L-Max is reached, then lift will not be avalible

What is the relationship between airspeed and lift

As airspeed doubles, lift quadruples

What is parasitic drag and what types are there?

Parasitic Drag: All drag that is not related to the production of lift, such as interference from the aircraft components

• Form Drag:

  • The drag that is produced by the air being separated by the body and needing to rejoin at the back. How long or far it takes the air to rejoin after clearing the structure determines the amount of drag produced

• Interference Drag:

  • Air coming off of different parts of the aircraft (Like the stream over the wing and over the fuselage) need to meet somewhere, this convergence of streams that are traveling different ways around different bodies cause interference of smooth airflows and form turbulent eddies, these create turbulence due to the disruption of smooth airflow and are worst at perpendicular angles

• Skin Friction Drag:

  • Wings have microscopic gaps due to the molecules, undetectable by the human eye, air molocules closest to the wing, when they hit it will become motionless getting stuck in the gaps until they are let out. As you go out farther from this boundary layer the airflow will get faster and faster until you get to the smooth laminar airflow portion where air flows freely over the wing. These air molocules that come in contact with the sin create drag