World His

Cold War

ideological, political, and military rivalry between the US and USSR

Causes of Cold War

• power vacuum

• capitalism vs Communism

• Yalta & Potsdam conference

• Iron Curtain

• Truman Doc

• Alliances

Yalta Conference

Eastern E. self determination vs buffer zone

Potsdam Conference

• not all atomic bomb info shared with Stalin

• finalized occupation of Germany

• USSR wants Hokkaido

Marshall Plan

provided $ in US aid to rebuild Western E war-shattered economies

→ to prevent economic despair from driving nations toward communism

World Bank

provided loans for post-war reconstruction

European Economic Community (Common Market)

created economic integration among Western E nations (against USSR)

proxy wars

conflicts in which the US and USSR supported opposing sides without fighting each other directly

Korean War

US-led UN forces vs North Korea (China & USSR).

→ ended in armistice at 38th parallel

Vietnam War

US supports South Vietnam against communist NV (USSR＆China)

→ US lose

Nicaragua (Sandinistas)

overthrew the UC-backed Somoza dictatorship. Reagan funded anti-Sandinsta “CONTRA” rebels

Cuban Missile Crisis

13 days of nuclear brinkmanship. USSR placed missiles in Cuba, Kennedy blockades the island

Non-Aligned Nations

refused to join with US or USSR

Capitalism

• private ownership

• market determines prices

Communism

• state/ collective ownership

• central planning

• production for social needs, not profit

Chinese Communist Revolution (1949)

• Mao Zedong CCP

• founded PRC

• adopted Marxism

Great Leap Forward

forced collectivization and rapid industrialization campaign

→ famine

Cultural Revolution

mobilized youth “RED GUARDS” to purge bourgeois elements, intellectuals, party rivals

Ho Chi Minh

• merged communism with Vietnamese nationalism against French and US

• Viet Minh and later Viet Cong used guerrilla warfare

Khmer Rouge

Pol Pot’s communist regime; Cambodia

British Raj

British directly governed India. 'created a system of extraction

• raw materials flowed to B

• Indian market were forced open for B’s goods

British Communal Policy

B accentuated Hindu-Muslim differences to prevent unified opposition

Agrarian Reform Laws (Cuba)

seized large estates from wealthy ppl

United Fruit Company

• Guatemala

• Banana

• Jorge Ubico dictatorship

Mohandas K. Gandhi

• developed satyagraha (nonviolence)

• boycotts of B goods

• hunger strikes

• Salt March

• non-cooperation

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

led the All-India Muslim League & India and Muslims were separate nations

Indian National Congress

sought unified, secular, independent India

All-India Muslim League

demanded separate Muslim state. Two Nation Theory

Lázaro Cárdenas

• Mexico’s president

• land redistribution

• economic nationalism

Juan Perón

Argentina’s populist president (authoritarian)

Salvador Allende

Chile’s democratically elected socialist president. Overthrew and killed by the US

Helsinki Accords

Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by the Soviet Union and western European countries in 1975.

Blaise Diagne

Senegalese political leader. He was the first African elected to the French National Assembly. During WWI, in exchange for promises to give French citizenship to Senegalese, he helped recruit Africans to serve in the French army. After the war, he led a movement to abolish forced labor in Africa

Haile Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1930-1974) and symbol of African independence. He fought the Italian invasion of his country in 1935 and regained his throne during WWII, when British forces expelled the Italians. He ruled Ethiopia as a traditional autocracy until he was overthrown in 1974.

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until WWI. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, it appealed increasingly to the poor, and it organized mass protests demanding self-government and independence.

Bengal

Region of northeastern India. It was the first part of India to be conquered by the British in the 18th century and remained the political and economic center of British India throughout the 19th century. The 1905 split of the province into predominantly Hindu West Bengal and predominantly Muslim East Bengal (now Bangladesh) sparked anti-British riots.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Indian statesman who succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India’s first prime minister (1947-1964).

Lázaro Cárdenas

President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry.

Hipólito Irigoyen

Argentine politician, president of Argentina from 1916 to 1922 and 1928 to 1930. The first president elected by universal male suffrage, he began his presidency as a reformer but later became conservative.

Getulio Vargas

Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo (“New State”), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization and helped the urban poor but did little to alleviate the problems of the peasants.

Juan Perón

President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife, Eva Duarte Perón, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinian industry, became very popular among the urban poor, but harmed the economy.

Eva Duarte Perón

Wife of Juan Perón and champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits.

Salvador Allende

Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He was killed during the military attack on the presidential palace.

Dirty War

War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1983) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Shi’ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic repbulic.

Saddam Hussein

(1937-2006) President of Iraq from 1979 until overthrown by an American-led invasion in 2003. Waged war on Iran from 1980-1988. His invasion of Kuwait in 1990 was repulsed in the Persian Gulf War in 1991.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of communist governments in eastern Europe.

Solidarity

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression by the Polish communist government allied with the Soviet Union. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.