Foreign Policy

When was the war with Sweden?

1741—3

What was the significance of the war with Sweden (3)?

• minor but advantageous territorial gain for Russia

• defeated long-time powerful enemy (Sweden)

• Russia now the dominating military force in Eastern Europe

How did the war with Sweden start?

France induced Sweden into the war to distract Russia during war of Austrian succession

Who was victorious in the war with Sweden (3)?

Russia

• Swedish navy got held up by plague outbreak

• Empress Elizabeth revoked her earlier promise and Bestuzhev continued the war

• Russian navy established overwhelming superiority on Finnish coast and land forces stormed Helsinki and overran all of Finland

What treaty ended the war with Sweden?

Treaty of Åbo

[War with Sweden] What were the terms of the Treaty of Åbo (2)?

• land gain for Russia (small but strategically advantageous)

• Swedes had to accept Holstein-Gottorp (uncle to Elizabeth’s nominated successor) as heir to Swedish throne

When was the failure to secure the Crimea?

1736—39

What was the significance of the failure to secure the Crimea (1)?

• demonstrated Russian army was now more powerful than the Austrians but the Ottoman Empire was still the more powerful force

How were the Russian forces initially successful in their attempt to secure the Crimea (3)?

• Lacy recovered Azov

• Münnich forced his way into the Crimea

however disease and casualties forced both to withdraw

• Russians took Okachov → Crimea was cut off from landward Ottoman aid

What was the result of the Russians’ attempt to secure the Crimea (3)?

Failure

• Lacy failed to penetrate Crimea

• Okachov was lost

• Successful Russian of Moldavia did not make up for Austrian withdrawal and Russian losses

What treaty ended the Russians’ attempt to secure the Crimea?

Treaty of Belgrade

[Attempt to secure the Crimea] What were the terms of the treaty of Belgrade (4)?

• Azov and Taganrog given to Russia

  • Taganrog had to remain unfortified

  • Azov defences were levelled

• trade from those ports was to only travel in Turkish ships

When was the war of Polish succession?

1733—38

What was the significance of the war with Polish succession (3)?

• demonstration of Russia as a great power emerging

• demonstration of Russia now getting involved in alliance system

• importance of a strong Poland for Russia

How did the war of Polish Succession start?

Stanisław (father-in-law to Louis XV) is elected king of Poland by a French-swayed Polish assembly → breakaway faction of Augustus’ III supporters (backed by Russia and Sweden) declare him King → France declare war on Austria and Saxony

What was the first stage of fighting in the war of Polish succession (5)?

• Lacy-led Russian expedition march on Warszawa

• Stanisław flees to Danzig

• Danzig is besieged by von Münnich

• Danzig surrendered

• Stanisław surrendered to Königsburg.

What was happening with other countries (excluding Russia) in the war of Polish succession (1)?

France was victorious fighting the Austrians in North Italy and on the Rhine

What was the outcome for Russia in the war of Polish succession (3)?

Victory

• Russian army reached Heidelberg-on-the-Rhine

• France made peace

• Stanisław abdicated

What treaty ended the war of Polish succession?

Treaty of Vienna

[War of Polish succession] What were the terms of the Treaty of Vienna (3)?

• Augustus confirmed King Augustus III of Poland

• Stanisław made Duke of Lorraine for life

• Habsburg Empire and Spain received come compensation in Italy

When was the war of Austrian succession?

1740—48

What was the significance of the war of Austrian succession (2)?

• Russia took no part in peace talks and gained nothing from them

• Russia’s involvement (although tentative and lacklustre) showed signs of it growing into a Great Power by involving itself in indirect wars

What was the cause of the war of Austrian succession?

All major powers had signed a pragmatic sanction agreeing Maria Theresa would inherit all Habsburg provinces from Charles VI (Holy Roman Emperor) →

Charles VI died →

Frederick II of Prussia invaded Austrian province of Silesia →

France and Prussia vs. Britain and Austria (and Russia)

[War of Austrian succession] When did Bestuzhev negotiate the Anglo-Russian treaty?

1742

[War of Austrian succession] When did Bestuzhev negotiate the Russo-Austrian treaty?

1743

[War of Austrian succession] What agreement was Bestuzhev forced to accept in 1743?

Russo-Prussian defensive agreement

When did Russia decide to send troops in the war of Austrian succession?

1747

What treaty ended the war of Austrian succession?

Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle

When was Russia’s involvement in the Seven Years’ War?

1756—1763

What was the significance of Russia’s involvement in the Seven Years’ War (3)?

• Russia gained nothing territorially

• Russia asserted itself as the dominant force in Eastern Europe

• Russia gained fear and respect from other major European powers via its military force

How did the Seven Years’ War begin?

1742: Russia becomes part of anti-Prussian alliance with Saxony, Austria, and France → Frederick II of Prussia invaded and conquered Saxony

What battles did the Russians win in the Seven Years’ War (3)?

• Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf, 1757

• Battle of Kunersdorf, 1759

• take Fortress of Kolberg, 1761

At what battle do the Russians tie in the Seven Years’ War?

• Zorndorf, 1758

What Russian generals were involved in the Seven Years’ War (4)?

• Apraxin

  • withdrew back to Russia over concerns about supplies and Elizabeth’s help

  • him and Bestuzhev are charged with treason in 1758

• Fermor

  • Fermor retires after Elizabeth’s health flares up in 1758

• Saltykov

  • falls ill in 1760

• Rumianstev

What ended the Seven Years’ War?

1762: Elizabeth dies → pro-Prussian Peter III succeeds her and immediately withdraws from the war

What treaties ended the Seven Years’ War (2)?

• Treaty of Hubertusberg

• Peace of Paris

[War of Austrian Succession] What were the terms of the Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle (2)?

• Prussia retained Silesia

• Maria Theresa forced to accept

[Seven Years’ War] What were the terms of the Peace of Paris?

• Britain made massive colonial gains at the expense of Spain and France

What was happening with other countries (excluding Russia) in the Seven Years’ War (3)?

• 1757: Frederick defeats Austrians at Leuthen

• 1757: French are defeated at Rossbach

• 1761: Britain withdraws its subsidies for Prussia

[Seven Years’ War] What were the terms of the Treaty of Hubertusberg [1]?

• no major change to prewar borders