Module 3 : PHARMACOGNOSY ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION and DOSAGE FORMS OF DRUGS

Pharmacognosy

Is a branch of pharmacology that deals with the

source of drugs.

Minerals, Animals, and Plants

3 main sources of Pharmacognosy

Iron/Ferrous Sulfate

Under Minerals, it is a supplement or medication for anemia

Insulin

Under Animals, it is derived from the pancreas of pigs.

Alkaloids, Glycosides, Resins, Gums, Tannins, and Oils

What are the 6 classifications of plants?

Alkaloids

Basically is a nitrogenous substances that are soluble in alcohol and some other organic solvents but are insoluble in H2O.

white solid (powder).

Under Alkaloids, If the molecule contains oxygen the alkaloid will become

Morphine, Atropine, Pilocarpine, Strychnine.

Examples of white solid (powder)

Liquid

If the molecule does not contain oxygen the alkaloid will remain?

Glycosides

various sugars combine with the organic structure through an either linkage

Ether

the link of each sugar is alcohol or?

H2O

Glycosides are soluble in alcohol but not in?

form salts

the compound of Glycosides is neutral and will not?

Digitalis

An example of Glycoside is a Fox glove and it contains?

Digoxin, Ouabain, Strophantidin

Examples of Digitalis

Resins

It is not a drug but a component of an excipient.

polymerization of volatile oil

It is formed as resin-like substance produced by certain plants

Gums

This are useful to stabilize mixtures of other active drug in liquid dosage form.

Acacia and traganth

Gums are composed of polysaccharides secreted by certain trees like?

Tannins

non-nitrogenous substances with astringent (precipitates oil) effect.

Volatile and Non-Volatile

Oils are further subdivided into

Volatile

Oils which are evaporated readily when exposed to air?

Non-Volatile

Oils which are fixed or stable and will not evaporate?

Enteral, Parenteral, Topical, and Other Route (Pulmonary Route)

What are the four basic routes in Routes of Drug Administration

Enteral

Administration of drug through the Gastrointestinal Tract

Parenteral

administration of drug in between the integument and GIT

Topical

administration of drug on the skin and mucous membrane

Oral, Sublingual, Gavage/Intra-gastric/Intra-ruminal, and Per Rectum

4 Classification of Enteral

Oral/per orem/ per os (P.O)

Classification of Enteral which is administering drugs into the mouth cavity

Classification of Enteral which administration of drug is underneath the tongue. For animals, the drug are injected underneath the tongue or the animal.

Gavage/ Intra-gastric/ intra-ruminal

Administration of drugs is directly to the

stomach/rumen. (classification of Enteral)

Gavage

term used for laboratory animals

Intra-gastric

term used for animals with simple stomach

Intra-ruminal

term used for animals that has compound stomach

Per rectum

Administration of drug is directly to the anus or rectum?

Parenteral

Administration of drug in between the intergument and GIT

Intra-dermal (ID), Subcutaneous/subcut/SC/sub q/hypodermoclysis, Intra-muscular/IM, and Intra-venous/IV/venoclysis

Types of Parenteral routes of Administration

Jugular Vein

In Ruminants and Horses I.V. it is done through?

ear vein

How about I.V. in Pigs?

Saphenous, Cephalic, and Femoral Vein

How about in Dogs and Cats I.V. is done throug?

Wing vein

How about I.V. in Avian?

clean and disinfected

site of injection must be?

Intra-peritoneal/IP

Intra-pleural

Intra-thoracic/intra-cardiac

Intra-mammary

Intra-uterine

Intra-articular

Intra-osseous

Epidural

Inthrathecal

What are the other route under parenteral?

Intra-peritoneal/IP

route under parenteral that is into the peritoneal cavity

Umbilicus

The landmark of Intra-peritoneal is one cm away from the

Intra-pleural

route under parenteral that is into the cavity

Intra-thoracic/intra-cardiac

route under parenteral that is into the thoracic cavity and punctuate the heart

intra-cardiac

route under parenteral that is directly hitting the hear and usually done when euthanizing?

Intra-mammary

route under parenteral that is into the mamary gland?

Intra-mammary

route under parenteral where the drug is injected directly to the mammary gland if other route is not effective.

Intra-uterine

route under parenteral that is into the uterus (directly)

Intra-articular

route under parenteral that is into the articular joint/joint capsule

Intra-osseous

route under parenteral that is into the bone marrow?

1. Dura Mater

2. Arachnoid

3. Pia Mater

3 layers of Meninges

Spinal Cord

There is no space between pia mater and

1. Epudural space

2. Subdural space

3. Subarachnoid space

What are the 3 Spaces Between the layers of Meninges?

Epidural space

is space between the bone and the dura mater?

Subdural space

Small space between dura and arachnoid?

Subarachnoid space

big space between arachnoid and pia mater?

Epidural

route under parenteral that is in between 2 adjustment vertebra; into the epidural space

Intrathecal

route under parenteral that is in between 2 adjustment vertebra; into the subarachnoid space

Topical

One of the four basic routes which has systemic absorption of drugs depends on nature of the drug, vehicle use, degree of hydration of the stratum corneum.

Topical

administration of drug on the skin and mucous

membrane

1. Cutaneous/percutaneous

2. Opthalmic/subconjunctival

3. Otic/auricular

4. Intra - nasal

Other route under topical

Cutaneous/percutaneous

other route under topical which is on the skin or epidermis

Opthalmic/subconjunctival

other route under topical which is on the eyes

Otic/auricular

other route under topical which is on the ears

Intra-nasal

other route under topical which is on the nose or absorbed in the sinus

Inhalation Route

Other route under the 4 basic routes which the administration of drugs passes through the trachea and into the lungs