apush ch 29

OPEC

organization of petroleum exporting countries, middle eastern and oil-rich developing countries formed a cartel to cnotrol the supply and price of oil

six day war

1967, conflict between israel and arab states egypt syria and jordan, israel wins, egypt syria and jordan all lost territories, proxy-war

yom kippur war

1973, egypt and syria invade israel to regain lost territory on the holy jewish day, israel gets aided by US airlifts and wins, arab states in the OPEC delcared an oil embargo in response, spiking US gas prices, and long gas station lines

embargo

arab states of the OPEC cut oil shipments to the US for supporting israel, causing an oil shortage and spiking gas prices, 6 months, results in a severe recession

rachel carson

biologist, wrote silent spring, exposed the dangers of pesticide DDT on the environment, environmentalist

earth day

april 22, 1970, 20 million citizens gathered in communities nationwide to support a cleaner and healthier planet

EPA (environmental protection agency)

created by nixon, required developers to file environment impact statements on the effect of their projects on the ecosystem

OSHA (occupational safety and health act)

signed by nixon, enforced safe working conditions and standards, reducing workplace injury and fatality

ESA (endangered species act)

signed by nixon, to protect endangered species and their habitat from extinction, limit development to protect species, very successful

three mile island

nuclear powerplant near harrisburg, pennsylvania, came close to meltdown, causing 100,000 people to flee their homes, plant saved after a prompt shutdown

stagflation

combination of stagnant consumer demand, inflation, and high unemployment, caused by OPEC’s enbargo and the government, GPD declined

wage and price controls

imposed by nixon in hopes of curbing inflation, part of nixons new economic policy, made things worse

WIN (whip inflation now)

campaign by ford, urged americans to eat food waste and do more with less, little success

rustbelt

area in the northeast and midwest, with abandoned plants and declining industrial production in the 1970’s, higher unemployment

deindustrialization

decline of manufacturing, ex: steel industry, threw many blue collar workers out of well-paid union jobs, US becomes more of a service industry

new york city

nations financial capital and largest city, neared bankruptcy, president ford rejected mayor abraham beame’s appeal for federal government assistance, eventually, fed government lent NY money and banks declared a 3 year suspension on repaying debt, forcing the city to cut city services, freeze wages, and lay off workers

proposition 13

proposed by conservative anti-new dealer howard jarvis, roll back property taxes, cap future property tax increases, require all tax measures to be approved only iwth at least a 2/3 majority in the legislature, in california

watergate

5 men with watertapping equipment attmpted to break into the DNC headquarters in the watergate hotel, nixon denied any white house involvement, 2 men from the break-in were working for CREEP (nixons committee to reelect the president) (g gordon liddy and e hoaward hunt), nixon gave hush money to the burglars and instructed CIA to stop the FBI’s investigations, nixon becomes the first president to resign, VP ford becomes president and pardons nixon

woodward and bernstein

worked for the washington post as reporters who uncovered the scandal

sam ervin

democrat, senator of SC, chairman of the senate watergate committe, issues a subpoena (legal requirement to testify/go to jail)

us v nixon

supreme court decided 8-0, president cant use executive privelege to keep the tapes away from congress, nixon resigneds before impeachment

spinow agnew

resigned in disgrace, for taking bribes for 10 years

25th amendment

creation of a VP vacancy, the president cominee for VP moust win 2/3 fo the house and legislation after agnew resigned, nixon picked ford for his VP, after nixon resigned, ford became president, and NY governor nelson rockefeller is VP

jerald ford

pardons richard nixo for all crime in watergate, challenged by a conservative california governoer ronald reagan for the 1976 republican nomination, barely wins, lost the election to democrat georgia governor jimmy carter

jimmy carter

NP was walter mondale, peanut farmer, graduate of the US naval academy, nuclear engineer, captain of a submarine, favors deregulation

deregulation

carter policy to remove government restriction on airlines, trucking, and railroad industries, lowing prices, creating new businesses while older companies failed and union workers laid off

MEOW (moral equivalent of war)

carter critized the american public for not trusting his policies of 11% inflation, 24% interest rate, and 10% on employment

affirmative action

supported by the JFK and LBJ administrations, combatted racial discrimination, government contractors were encouraged to recruit underrepresented racial minorities for jobs

bakke v university of california

allan bakke, a white man, sued UC davis medical school for rejecting him in favor of accepting minority groups, supreme court rejected the quote system for minorities, and upheld affirmative action

equal rights amendment

introduced in 1923 and adopted by congress in 1972, equality of rights regardless of sex

stop ERA

led by phillis schlafly, advocated traditional roles for women, feared women would be drafted and forced to use single-sex toilets, ERA never became ratified, lacking 3 states

roe v wade

nullified a texas law that prohibited abortion, declared abortion legal when performed in the first trimester of pregnancy

harvey milk

openly gay canidate, ran for san francisco city supervisor twice and state assemby once,unsuccessfully, but won a supervisor seat in 1977, part of the gay rights movement, he and the mayor george moscone were assassinated by dan white, former supervisor

evangelicalism

focuse don literal interpretation of the bible, “born again”, billy graham toured the us and europe to preach and held a 16 week crusad in madison square garden

led to fourth great awakening, revival sparked by rising divorce rates, social unrest, and people seeking stability and percieved moral decay (against feminism and all the other movements)

jimmy carter becomes first evangelical president

furman v georgia

ssupreme court struck down all existing capital punishment laws, banning death penalty

gregg v georgia

supreme court brought back death pendalty, supported by LA police chief ed davis

warren court

nixon appoints 4 new justices to the supreme court, including CJ warren burger, liberal judicial revolution, burger court supported the liberal precedents of the warren court, disappointing conservatives

era of limits

first used by california governor Jerry Brown, describing the economy

inflation

rise of prices caused by a shortage of goods, or an increase in the money supply

federal reserve bank

lowered interest rate, allowing banks to borrow more money, increase the money supply to offset the cost of the war in vietnam

unemployment rate

percentage of workers not working, 10% in 1970’s

productivity

GDP (gross domestic product) total amount of $ of goods and services produced in 1 year, 4.5% GDP is a growing economy, 2% is treading water, less than 2% is bad, GDP is 6% in 1970, GDP is 1.5% in 1975

interest rates

cost of borrowing money for a home loan/mortgage rate, 3% in 1965, 24% in 1980

bankruptcy

failed business, 15% in 1975 (normal is 5%)

55 mph

gas guzzling cars declined in sales, congress imposed national speed limit, people began to buy smaller, foreign cars

war powers act

congress passed over nixon’s veto, limits on war, president has 48 hours to consult congress when soldiers are sent into combat and 60 days of combat before congressional approval to prevent future undeclared wars

FOIA (freedom of information act)

signed by ford, permits public access to government secrets with a court order, presidental permission for 30 years

divorce rate

doubled in 1965-1985, children in the 1970s had a 40% chance of living in a single-parent home

woodward & berstein

worked for the washington post as reporters who uncovered the watergate scandal

sam ervin

democrat, senator, south carolina chairman of the senate watergate committee, issues a subponnia (legal requirement to testify/go to jail)