RICHINS IB HOA EVERY SINGLE Fact and Term

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering important terms, concepts, and historical events from American history.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that emphasizes the role of the nation as a whole in economic health, aiming to increase national wealth through trade balance.

Calvinist Puritans

A religious group believing in predestination and seeking to purify the Anglican Church while remaining within it.

Separatists

A group wanting to worship independently from the Anglican Church, seeking to simplify worship and reduce the power of bishops.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal.

Enclosure Movement

A trend in Europe where farmers closed off their lands for sheep farming, resulting in the displacement of many people.

London Company

The company that established the Jamestown colony, which faced significant hardships and ultimately went bankrupt.

Headright System

A land allocation system for attracting settlers, granting land for each person who immigrated.

Puritans

A sect within the Anglican Church seeking to 'purify' its practices, known for migrating to America for religious freedom.

Bacon’s Rebellion

A 1676 uprising led by Nathaniel Bacon against the colonial government of Virginia due to the mistreatment of backcountry settlers.

Quakers

Members of the Society of Friends who believed in inner light and equality of all people, including women.

Toleration Acts

Laws established to ensure religious freedom, particularly in Maryland, amid growing Protestant populations.

Navigation Acts

Trade regulations imposed by the British to control colonial commerce and ensure navigation by English ships.

Dominion of New England

A 1686 administrative union of English colonies in the New England region, supervised by Sir Edmund Andros.

Plymouth Plantation

The settlement established by the Puritans in 1620, known for its harsh first winter and the First Thanksgiving.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in 1607, facing many early challenges.

Mayflower Compact

An agreement made by the Pilgrims to govern themselves in America, signed aboard the Mayflower.

City upon a Hill

A phrase used by John Winthrop to describe the MA Bay Colony's role as a model society.

House of Burgesses

The first legislative assembly in the American colonies, representing the beginnings of self-government.

Indentured Servants

Individuals contracted to work for a certain number of years in exchange for passage to America and other benefits.

Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson

Notable figures in early colonial America advocating for religious freedom and challenging established authority.

Barbados Slave Codes

Legal statutes that defined the status and rights of enslaved individuals in the Caribbean colonies.

Middle Passage

The harrowing sea voyage that enslaved Africans were forced to endure while being transported to the Americas.

Royal African Company

The company that played a key role in the English slave trade until its monopoly was broken.

Stono Rebellion

A significant slave uprising in South Carolina in 1739, which highlighted tensions between slaves and their owners.

Anglican Church

The established church in England and the legal religion in several American colonies.

Toleration Act of 1649

Legislation in Maryland aimed at guaranteeing religious freedom for Christians amid increasing Protestant settlement.

The Great Awakening

A religious revival movement in the colonies during the 1730s-1740s that emphasized personal faith and piety.

John Peter Zenger

A journalist whose trial established the principle that true statements about public officials could not be considered libel.

Scotch-Irish

Scottish Presbyterians who settled in Northern Ireland and later migrated to America in the early 1700s.

Salem Witch Trials

A series of hearings and prosecutions in 1692 of people accused of witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts.

Congregationalism

A branch of Puritanism that emphasized the autonomy of individual congregations.

Halfway Covenant

A form of partial church membership created by New England Puritans in the 1660s.

Jonathan Edwards

A preacher during the Great Awakening known for his fire-and-brimstone sermons.

Salutary Neglect

The British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws in the colonies.

Iroquois Confederacy

A powerful alliance of six Native American nations formed to maintain peace and resist European encroachment.

Proclamation of 1763

An order by King George III forbidding colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Townsend Duties

A series of measures enacted in 1767 imposing duties on various goods imported to the colonies.

Committee of Correspondence

Systems of communication between patriot leaders in the American colonies.

Coercive (Intolerable) Acts

A set of acts passed by the British Parliament to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party.

Virtual Vs. Actual Representation

Debate concerning whether colonists should be represented in Parliament despite not having direct voting rights.

Albany Plan

Benjamin Franklin's proposal to create a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies, rejected by them.

Effects of the French and Indian War

Post-war tensions among colonists and British leading to taxation and regulations, altering colonial-British relations.

Stamp Act Crisis & Congress

Events surrounding the Stamp Act of 1765, causing widespread protest and the formation of the Stamp Act Congress.

Boston Massacre

A deadly confrontation in 1770 between British soldiers and American colonists.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor.

First Continental Congress

A gathering of delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies to discuss colonial resistance to Parliament.

Olive Branch Petition

An appeal to King George III affirming American loyalty while seeking to prevent further conflict.

Common Sense

A pamphlet by Thomas Paine that condemned British rule and called for American independence.

Loyalists/Tories

Colonists who remained loyal to Britain during the American Revolution.

Saratoga

A major battle of the American Revolution that convinced France to support the colonists.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams who urged her husband to consider women's rights in the new government.

Republicanism

The political ideology that believes government legitimacy derives from the consent of the governed.

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the United States, establishing a weak central government.

Land Ordinances

Laws regulating land sales and settlement in the new territories.

NW Ordinance of 1787

Legislation that provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the Northwest Territory.

Grid System

A method for surveying and selling western lands in rectangular parcels.

Shays’ Rebellion

An armed uprising in 1786-87 concerning rural protest against economic injustices.

Alexander Hamilton

Founding Father and first Secretary of the Treasury who advocated for a strong central government and federal bank.

James Madison

A Founding Father and main architect of the U.S. Constitution.

The Great Compromise

An agreement during the Constitutional Convention that established a bicameral legislature.

Federalists/Anti-Federalists

Political factions where Federalists supported the Constitution and anti-Federalists opposed it.

Hamilton’s Bank Bill

Legislation proposed by Hamilton to create a national bank as part of financial reforms.

Whiskey Rebellion

A violent tax protest in 1794 demonstrating federal authority through military action.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution protecting individual liberties.

Jay’s Treaty

An agreement that resolved issues between the U.S. and Great Britain following the Revolutionary War.

XYZ Affair

A diplomatic incident between France and the U.S. that led to an undeclared war.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws aimed at restricting immigration and limiting free speech during the Adams administration.

VA/KY Resolutions

Legislation asserting states' rights to nullify federal laws.

Midnight Appointments

Judicial appointments made by President Adams just before leaving office to maintain Federalist influence.

Republican Motherhood

The idea that women should educate the citizens of the future.

Noah Webster

An educational reformer known for promoting American English and writing the dictionary.

Deism

The belief that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to determine the existence of a creator.

2nd Great Awakening

A religious revival that motivated reform movements in the early 19th century.

Samuel Slater

An industrialist known as the 'Father of the American Factory System' for bringing British textile technology to America.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin and developer of interchangeable parts.

Thomas Jefferson

Third President of the United States focused on reducing national debt and promoting agrarianism.

Marbury Vs. Madison

A Supreme Court case establishing the principle of judicial review.

Midnight Judges

Judges appointed by President Adams on his last day in office to maintain Federalist influence.

LA Purchase

The acquisition of the Louisiana territory from France in 1803, doubling the size of the U.S.

Lewis and Clark

Explorers tasked with mapping the newly acquired Louisiana Territory.

Chesapeake Affair

An 1807 naval engagement that heightened tensions between the U.S. and Britain.

Embargo Act of 1807

A law prohibiting American ships from trading with foreign ports.

Tecumseh/Prophet

Leaders of a Native American confederation resisting American expansion.

Non-Intercourse Act

Legislation that allowed trade with everyone except Britain and France.

Macon’s Bill No. 2

Legislation reopening trade with Britain and France while allowing for trade restrictions.

Hartford Convention

A meeting of Federalist delegates to discuss grievances against the War of 1812.

Nationalism

A pride in one's nation, which surged in the aftermath of the War of 1812.

Sectionalism

Loyalty to a region or section rather than the whole country, particularly seen prior to the Civil War.

Internal Improvements

Infrastructure projects aimed at enhancing transportation systems post-War of 1812.

Era of Good Feelings

A period of political harmony during Monroe's presidency, marked by the decline of the Federalist Party.

Adams-Onis Treaty

An 1819 agreement in which Spain ceded Florida to the U.S.

Trail of Tears

The forced relocation of Native Americans from their homelands to designated Indian territory.

Panic of 1819

The first major financial crisis in the United States, leading to bank failures and economic downturn.

MO Compromise

A 1820 agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.

John Marshall

Chief Justice whose court decisions strengthened the federal government and upheld the Constitution.

Monroe Doctrine

A policy declaring opposition to European colonialism in the Americas.

Tariff of Abominations

A high tariff that caused sectional tensions and was particularly despised in the South.

Corrupt Bargain

The controversial election of 1824 where Adams was chosen President by the House despite losing the popular vote.

King Mob

A derogatory term used to describe the chaotic scene at Andrew Jackson's inauguration.

Daniel Webster

A prominent political figure and orator who defended the Constitution and Union.