Health Promotion across the Lifespan: Infant through Adolescent

A comprehensive set of vocabulary and conceptual flashcards covering developmental milestones, cognitive theories (Piaget), psychoemotional stages (Erikson), and health interventions for infants through adolescents.

Infant Weight Milestones

Infants double birth weight by six months and triple birth weight by $12$ months.

Infant Length Milestone

Infant length increases by $50$% at $1$ year of age.

Sensorimotor Phase

Piaget's stage in which learning begins by trial and error and progresses from reflexive to purposeful movements.

Object Permanence

The developmental milestone where infants understand that items still exist even when they are disappearing or reappearing (e.g., during peek-a-boo).

Trust versus Mistrust

Erikson's phase for infants focused on forming attachments and learning to trust caregivers to develop hope and faith.

Infant Sleep Requirements

Infants usually sleep about $9-11$ hours a night with $1-2$ naps per day.

Safe Sleep Practices

Practices including back-to-sleep, use of pacifiers, dressing lightly, and avoiding bumpers, pillows, blankets, or co-bedding in the bed.

Infant Nutritional Restrictions

Avoid whole cow’s milk, egg whites, or honey until $12$ months of age.

Toddler Vital Signs

Typical ranges include a heart rate of $80-120$ bpm, respirations of $20-30$ bpm, blood pressure of $92/55$ mmHg, and an axillary temperature of approximately $97.5-98.6^{\circ}F$.

Toddler Physical Growth

Toddlers typically gain $4-6\,kg/year$ as their bodies begin to thin out.

Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt

Erikson's phase for toddlers (ages $12$ to $36$ months) focused on learning self-control, willpower, and a sense of adequacy.

Parallel Play

A type of play common in toddlers where children play beside but not with others.

Denver II Developmental Screening

A test used for children ages $1-6$ years to measure gross motor, fine motor, adaptive/self-care, and social/language skills.

Physiologic Anorexia

A common occurrence in toddlers where they may refuse to eat or go on "food jags."

Preschooler Physical Growth

Preschoolers gain about $5$ pounds per year and double their birth length at four years of age.

Preoperational Stage (Preschooler)

Piaget's stage characterized by prelogical thinking, concrete and egocentric thoughts, and an understanding of past, present, and future.

Magical Thinking

A cognitive trait in preschoolers involving a belief in their personal role in illness and an increase in fears of things they do not understand.

Initiative versus Guilt

Erikson's phase (ages $3-5$ years) where children develop a sense of purpose and initiate activities, but may feel guilt if they fail.

Mutilation Anxiety

A fear of pain and injury that begins during the preschool years.

Associative Play

Social play behavior beginning in the preschool years where children interact but play is not yet highly organized.

Concrete Operational Thought

Piaget's stage for school-aged children ($6-12$ years) involving logical thought, problem solving, and the conservation of size, shape, and volume.

Industry versus Inferiority

Erikson's task for school-aged children focused on achieving competency, mastering activities, and developing self-esteem.

Scoliosis Screening

A priority diagnostic screening for preteens, typically performed at ages $11-12$ years.

Formal Operational Thought

Piaget's stage for adolescents ($13-20$ years) characterized by abstract reasoning, logical thinking, and maturing problem-solving skills.

Identity versus Role Confusion

Erikson's phase for adolescents focused on developing a sense of personal identity; failure may lead to role confusion or depression.

Adolescent Mortality Causes

Homicide and suicide are identified as two common causes of mortality in teenagers.